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Edward said orientalism summary introduction
Edward said orientalism summary introduction
Orientalism introduction said summary
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The Gravity of Orientalism
In Orientalism, Edward Said argues the countless aspects of the term “Orientalism”, as well as its roots, the principal philosophies and arguments behind it, and the influence that Orientalism has had on the relationship between the West and the East. Several reasons including political, economic, moral, and cultural justify the necessity for conquest of the Orient. Said’s concept of Orientalism analyzes the concepts that offer the political, economic, and cultural motives for imperialist actions by more powerful nations like the United States and Europe.
I think Edward Said’s concept of Orientalism asks us to ponder whether or not the global West is driven by selfish ideas that inspire foreign involvement into sovereign nations’ affairs and therefore the spread of Western ideologies to independent cultures. Orientalism in Said’s reading is mainly concerning power and knowledge. Western hegemony as implied by Said empowers the concept of Orientalism since the Occident is politically, culturally, and economically superior and it justifies the incentive that they need to be in control. Said asks us to reflect on whether intervention by force is a higher, effective way to change a country, or whether there might be more peaceful ways in which the West can help countries within the Orient conduct their own self-government in ways that which are appropriate to them.
I believe that Orientalism is vital not solely to our philosophies of the ways in which the West creates representations and images of the East, however to how the dogma of orientalism is portrayed through art and literature in order to portray the idea of inferiority. My argument is that the concept of Orientalism is a Western misconception ...
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...t. Misinformation and prejudice are various outcomes of popular culture’s illustration of foreign cultures.
Yet, when discussing the origins and impact of Orientalism, the concept continues to be bolstered by the trendy era of technology. The illustration of the Orient is currently being viewed on television, in films, and on the World Wide Web. These representations of the Orient are available in a lot of condensed forms, and are simpler and more effective than before. The concept of Orientalism is a European created mirror reflecting itself. The Orientalist described himself by defining the Oriental and this helped him be superior. The representation of the Orient through arts and literature empower the thought of Orientalism, and whereas people at large will write their own history, i feel this distorts the facts and results in misconceptions about the Orient.
Imperialism is the practice by which powerful nations or peoples seek to extend and maintain control or influence over weaker nations or peoples. By the 1800’s, the Western powers had advantages in this process. They led the world in technological advances, giving them a dominance when conquering other countries. The European Imperialists made attempts to conquer China and Japan. In this process, they succeeded by influencing Japan greatly. However, they were not as successful with China.
Orientalism was used back in the 19th century to imitate or depict others nations and their cultures. The Europeans would take impressive feats of architecture or objects from other nations to create their own “better” version. They used orientalism to show how other nations were barbaric and that they were vastly more intelligent. These tactics can be seen in many paintings and buildings where they tried to improve upon other nations works. In some of theses paintings you can see upperclassmen wearing lavish clothes or in other cases black people serving the europeans and being underneath them. Other orientalist artists will take ordinary objects and make them more european by adding expansive material and artwork. Additionally, artists will
It is often said that history is written by the victor, and in the race to industrialization of the past two centuries, Western Europe and the United States have emerged as the victors. This enabled them to write a history in which their rise to power was preordained and inevitable and in which Eastern cultures are viewed as backward and intolerant. These Eurocentric histories have so fully permeated the global psyche that the stereotypes they have perpetuated inform our cultural interactions to this day. However, an unbiased look at the premodern history of Asia and the Middle East reveals the inaccuracy of the Eurocentric paradigm. Contrary to the Eurocentric view, there is nothing inherently intolerant about Islam or Middle Eastern and East Asian culture. In fact, many of the societies that have existed in the East have been extraordinarily tolerant and heterogeneous.
First, let us examine how the West justified imperialism. Ideologically, they used Social Darwinism, “The White Man’s Burden”, masculinity versus effeminacy, “whiteness” versus “darkness”, and the civilizing mission (Age of Imperialism I, 31:57). Social
The sociology of imperialism seeks to define this phenomenon as an atavism in the social structure, in the specific person, in their psychological habits, which thus triggers an emotional reaction. According to Joseph A. Schumpeter - "The word imperialism has been abused as a slogan to the point where it threatens to lose all meaning. For whenever the word imperialism is used, there is always the implication - whether sincere or not - of an aggressiveness" (Conklin & Fletcher, 1999, p. 44). The history behind this word has lead us to view the corruption and destruction it has caused at the hands of people with perhaps to much power. This statement goes with debate because like it or not history in essence; has shown us that nations have pursued war for the sake of winning and expansion for the sake of expansion, we ...
The colonial enterprise, particularly the European imperialist projects in the east, has forever changed concepts of identity, otherness, and power in both the Occident and the Orient. Both sides were indisputably and irrevocably altered; however, the effect upon native cultures (the colonized) was far greater than the effect on the imperial cultures (the colonizers). European colonizers were able to cherry-pick the greatest parts of “new” culture—their art, their music, their architecture, or their cuisine—and adopt or adapt it to modern imperial life. In many ways, the cultural practices and artifacts of a newly colonized civilization were treated like the natural resources (oil, silk, spice) the Europeans were there to gather: they mattered only in their usefulness to the empire. Unlike their imperial counterparts, however, the native peoples had no choice which customs and practices to adopt, and which to discard. The sheer military might and nature of the colonial enterprise demanded that the colonized completely adapt to the social and cultural norms of the empire. In essence, then, the colonized were forced to lead a life of double consciousness, wherein they participated in customs and practices and obeyed laws and regulations in which they did ...
Having understood that the world has taken the form it has through the domination or imperialism of Western countries, it is said that they are the agents that have greatly influenced the world; their ideologies in addition to their political as well as economic influences have spread across the globe through time (Headrick, 1981).
New imperialism was the mid nineteenth and twentieth centuries cultural equivalent to a modern day mafia, its roots entangled in the economic, cultural, and humanistic aspects of life. The sole objective of the nations entailed the exploitation of their controlled state. Gestating from the change in control of Asian and African nations to the Europeans by means of political deviance, malicious sieges, and strategic military attacks. The juxtaposition to the modern equivalent endures as the aforesaid is sheltered by the fairytale that these nations were in need of aid and by doing so the Europeans were the good guys. The ideas of new imperialism are greatly influenced by those of the enlightenment. Taking place during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the enlightenment was an intellectual movement with the goal of social progress (Genova, 1/11). Armed with scientific thought and reason, enlightenment thinkers set out to explore the fields of science, economics, and human nature. Brilliant minds such as Voltaire, Kant and others all across Western Europe collaborated to further knowledge. The enlightenment laid the foundation on which new imperialism sprung, embedding the ideas of an incessant need to explore not only the scientific world but the physical world as well. The enlightenments goals and ideas significantly influenced new imperialism, because the enlightenment created a need for new means and a purpose to accrue them.
To answer the question posed it necessary to first consider the development of, and what constitutes the West. Once this is achieved, we are than able to discuss occidentalism. However, the concept of orientalism, and what constitutes the orient, will first be considered as, arguably, orientalism provoked occidentalism. Thereafter, the four key features of occidentalism, identified by Buruma and Margalit (2004) will be discussed. Contemporary notions of ociddentalism, more specifically Islamic extremism will also be studied; of must importance here is if, or how, Buruma’s and Margalit’s (2004) theory of occidentalism aids our understanding of the perspective of those in resistance to the west.
This notion is reminiscent of Edward Said’s understanding of the oriental as an artificial, false concept created by the West to describe the East. Mustafa Sa’eed echoes this notion numerous times, “This Mustafa Sa’eed does not exist. He is an illusion, a lie. I ask you to rule that lie to be killed. Why don’t you sentence me to be hanged and so kill the lie?” (46). Similarly, the narrator asserts that “if we are lies we shall be lies of our own making”. Both characters become a mouthpiece for articulating an awareness of the illusory thinking contended by Salih. However, underlying their statements is something more crucial: the narrator’s assertion cannot be an alternative to the lie that Mustafa claims he is, simply because they are inherently the same thing. Both are artificial constructs and both depend on exclusionary, rigid notions of what it means to be Eastern/Western and both necessarily rely on the other in its construction. Salih concedes sameness in accepting or opposing the Western and foreign or the Eastern and traditional and illustrates how embracing either one can valorise similar boundaries, impoverish and envelop people and nations into similar catastrophes. He proposes a nuanced understanding where the clash between the East and the West, the North
The concept of orientalism refers to the western perceptions of the eastern cultures and social practices. It is a specific expose of the eurocentric universalism which takes for granted both, the superiority of what is European or western and the inferiority of what is not. Salman Rushdie's Booker of the Bookers prize winning novel Midnights Children is full of remarks and incidents that show the orientalist perception of India and its people. It is Rushdie's interpretation of a period of about 70 years in India's modern history dealing with the events leading to the partition and beyond. Rushdie is a fantasist and a creator of alternate realities, the poet and prophet of a generation born at the degree zero of national history. The present paper is an attempt to study how Salman Rushdie, being himself a writer of diasporic consciousness, sometimes perceives India and its people as orientalist stereotypes and presents them in a derogatory manner.
According to Said, one definition of Orientalism is that it is a "style of thought based upon an ontological and epistemological distinction made between 'the Orient' and the 'Occident'." This is connected to the idea that Western society, or Europe in this case, is superior in comparison to cultures that are non-European, or the Orient. This means that Orientalism is a kind of racism held toward anyone not European. Said wrote that Orientalism was "a Western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient." This Western idea of the Orient explains why so many European countries occupied lands they believed to be Oriental.
Said (1979) keeps an eye on the key concepts in post colonial theory like colonialism and empire. He has revealed the ideological practices of colonialism. His critical views provide a detailed description of the Western thinking towards the East. The western outlook of otherness towards eastern culture, customs and beliefs are presented by him in an apt manner. He draws upon the writings of many western writers to show the positive picture of the Orient. As a Palestinian living in the West, Said has firsthand experience of European imperialism and racism. His commentary on the cultural contrast between the east and the west is very persuasive and conclusive.
...e constraints with using language or sense perceptions as a single way of knowing. As more than one method is used to produce knowledge, inaccuracies or biases would be reduced. Ultimately, our own ‘cultural imprint’ further affects the way we interpret different types of art and how the language used by a historian alters our awareness of a historical event, as it is not possible to ask or investigate knowledge without having a preconceived notion of what you want to find.
Culture is consciousness, principally, a fair understanding of one's own civilization. This is just conceivable when we have some thought of its connection to different cultures shows resemblances and contrasts. A limit for making unobtrusive refinements must be developed energetically. Current thoughts regarding the Orient are still unreasonably rough, that is, either sentimental, or bigoted; this i...