“Early cities emerged to facilitate trade or as centers of political and/or religious authority. All of these cities brought people of different cultures into close contact and fostered change, either in the form that Redfield & Singer (1954) called orthogenetic transformation (shifts from diverse local traditions toward orthodox Great Traditions) or heterogenetic transformation (fostering new modes of thought associated with the technical order or foreign control)”. Through the practice of urbanization, London in the early 1800s became a city in which individuals began living in close contact. As cities began developing, the overall health of citizens began deteriorating. “Urbanization in industrialized and developing countries has brought about increased human exposure to health hazards: biological, chemical, physical, social and psychological. At greatest health risk are the urban poor in developing …show more content…
This is especially true for London in the 1800s; as seen in the book The Ghost Map. As cholera ravages Londoners during this time; many people relate this problem to being an issue of the city. Steven Johnson recognizes this; however does not believe that cities that have undergone the process of urbanization are as problematic as others may argue. Steve Johnson the author of The Ghost Map feels that there are many good aspects that come from urbanization. Steve Johnson makes arguments for urbanization and the positive impact they have overall, despite some of the health problems they have created. His main argument is relating to the environment and urbanization. Johnson argues that while cities are usually viewed in a negative light, they do not offer negative impact on the environment. He discusses how urbanized cities are a necessary trend for the future of global relations. “The sheer magnitude of such of a footprint has been invoked as part of anti-urban environmental arguments, but the primary objection is in fact industrialization not
The Ghost Map was a historical piece of literature that was used to explain the V. cholera epidemic in London. The book, written by Steven Johnson, tells about how the water and the lack of proper sewage systems lead to a disease that killed many citizens and lead to panic for Londoners. Dr. John Snow, an anesthesiologist, began to research what played a role in the deaths and how it could be cured and stopped. He discovered that the disease was a waterborne disease after a series of interviews with London people in specific regions of London who managed to survive the plague. Mr. Snow learned that the survivor where drinking water from specific wells before they got sick so he went and gathered water samples, “Cholera wasn’t
The book, The Ghost Map, tells the story of the cholera outbreak that took place in England during the medieval era. During this time, London became popular, causing it to become one of the most populous urban cities in England. However, it suffered from overcrowding, a large lower class, and little health regulations. As a result, living conditions and water supply were not the cleanest, and many died from the disease cholera. Though this epidemic led to many deaths/illnesses during it’s time, it has proven to be helpful and important to public health today. Some public health advancements that have occurred as a result include healthier, cleaner, and longer lives lived.
Social historians in recent years have started to look at the people who made up most of the population in cities, people who are usually ignored when looking at society,
The Ghostway has a mysterious, secretive plot that keeps the reader’s interest. One of them is the ongoing tension between the Navajo Tribal Police and the FBI. Neither law enforcement group trusts or respects the other. The Navajo police thinks that the FBI is a lying cheating no good organization. The FBI thinks they don’t have to take orders or listen to Indian police to solve a case, throughout this story between these two organizations there is nothing but lies and secrets whether it was finding clues, discovering missing bodies or finding incorrectly done ceremonies. The FBI won’t tell the Navajo police about crime and murders in their own town. All of these secrets are kept throughout the story until they realize that under circumstances
During the last half of the 1800’s and the early part of the 1900’s urban population in western Europe made enormous increases. During this period France’s overall population living in cities increased twenty percent, and in Germany the increase was almost thirty percent. This great flow of people into cities created many problems in resource demands and patterns of urban life. These demands created a revolution in sanitation and medicine. Part of this revolution was the redesigning of cities. G.E. Baron Von Haussmann was the genius behind the new plans for the city of Paris.
Slums usually develop in the worst types of terrain, and lead to flooding, landslides, and fires that destroy thousands of people’s homes. Yet population growth and the amounts of waste created by urban civilizations are also pushed on the hidden faces and locations of those on the outskirts of the cities. “If natural hazards are magnified by urban poverty, new and entirely artificial hazards are created by poverty’s interactions with toxic industries, anarchic traffic, and collapsing infrastructures” (Davis 128). People who live in slums usually are given the rest of the world’s waste to live near, which could be detrimental to their health if that waste consists of toxic or deadly materials. Mike Davis notes that “the world usually pays attention to such fatal admixtures of poverty and toxic industry only when they explode with mass casualties” (Davis 130). He also goes on to conclude that this century’s surplus humanity can only survive as long as the slum remains a franchised solution to the overflow of materials and waste created by the industrial society (Davis 201). The living conditions of the urban poor and those in poverty stricken slums receive the hazardous consequences directly from the growth of
* Urban Professional^s recognition of the increased variability, robustness, and interest in both the urban area and their work. * Conservation Activist^s commendation of the lower consumption of resources, and reduced pressure on sensitive environment areas, suggestive of a reduction in urban sprawl. * The Development Industry^s equations of profit established through better and higher levels of land use. Essentially urban consolidation proposes an increase of either population or dwellings in an existing defined urban area (Roseth,1991). Furthermore, the suburban village seeks to establish this intensification within a more specific agenda, in which community is to be centred by public transport nodes, and housing choice is to be widened with increased diversity of housing type (Jackson,1998).
Throughout the story The Ghostway, readers see Jim Chee being pulled to both the Anglo culture and the Navajo. Between his career and ex-girlfriend, Mary Landon, Chee feels as if the Anglo culture would be interesting. However, Chee struggles with the idea of giving up his own culture due to the fact that the culture needs people to carry on the legacy.
The Ghost Map, by Steven Johnson, depicts the rise and spread of cholera in Victorian London. Cholera is a bacterial water-borne disease that has existed for centuries but has only recently become destructive as human populations have become more dense in unclean urban areas. The 1854 epidemic can be traced to the unfortunate day Sarah Lewis, a mother of a sick child, unknowingly ignited the crisis when she disposed of her infants diapers into a cesspool resulting in the fecal contamination of the area’s water supply. Although the treatment for cholera is fairly simple and consists primarily of maintaining hydration (clean water), the lack of medical knowledge in the Victorian era resulted in the creation and advertisement of many false cures
'The streets, unpaved and without drains. Sewerage worn deep into ruts and holes in which water constantly stagnates and is so covered with excrement and refuse as to be impassable from the depths of mud and intolerable stench' says a doctor observing the city of Manchester after the city size drastically increased. This sudden population growth the 19th
23 March 2017. Norton, Mary Beth. “The Vitality and Turmoil of Urban Life”. A People & A Nation. Ninth Edition, …..
As previously implied, cities are currently the antithesis of even the barest sense of sustainability. To succinctly define the term “sustainability” would be to say that it represents living within one’s needs. When it comes to the city, with almost zero local sources of food or goods, one’s means is pushed and twisted to include resources originating far beyond the boundaries of the urban landscape. Those within cities paradoxically have both minimal and vast options when it comes to continuing their existence, yet this blurred reality is entirely reliant on the resources that a city can pull in with its constantly active economy.
...ffects on human health. These have high negative effects on low income areas, as a result of pollution, visual, oral and air, as well as high levels of overcrowding. The World Health Organisation predicts that in the next 30years most of the world’s population growth will occur in cities and towns of poor countries. This rapid, unplanned and unsustainable pattern of urbanisation, is creating cities into focal points for environmental and health hazards (World Medical Association, 2010).
Chaffey, J. (1994). The challenge of urbanisation. In M. Naish & S. Warn (Eds.), Core geography (pp. 138-146). London: Longman.
On the other hand, urbanization in the developing countries differed from the process of urbanization in the West. In the Third World, throug...