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Modern use of classical management
Classical management theory in today
The classical management theory
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The essential dimensions of classical management were based on a closed system view of organisation; that is, essential dimensions emphasised on a mechanical structure of control. So the essential dimensions of classical management break down to a set of four rigid and formal guidelines:
 Bureaucratic forms of control
 Narrow supervisory span
 Closely prescribed roles
 Clear and formal definitions of procedures, which means areas of specialisation and hierarchical relationship.
These essential dimensions of classical management promote formality, symmetry and rigidity. By maintaining these essential dimensions, the goal is that control and compliance exists so as efficiency and productivity is maximised.
Bureaucratic forms of control create standardisation and this is bound with centralised power. These are the attributes wanted by those who are in command. By having strict bureaucratic control, those who are at the top of the hierarchy have much power, while those who are at the bottom have strictly little or no control.
Narrow supervision is an essential dimension to classical management. By maintaining narrow supervision the effectiveness of work is maximised, so as to increase yield and profit. Narrow supervision
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This essential aspect of classical management originated from Taylor’s methods and his foundation of scientific management. It recognises that specialisation maximises the efficiency of a worker. This essential dimension of classical management has influenced the efficiency of the manufacture of goods in large factories, such as Mitsubishi Australia, and the effects of this methodology can be seen throughout the industrial revolution. Specialisation creates a mechanistic structure to an organisation and is a method of scientific management that hasn’t changed much from when it first
Max Weber, German sociologist, social theorist, and economist, explicated the theory of bureaucracy in which he details the monocratic bureaucracy “as an ideal form that maximized rationality” (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 48). He provided his most complete exposition of theory in his 1922 tome Economy and Society (Casey, 2004). This classic form of bureaucracy is characterized by the following (a) well-defined official functions; (b) specialization of function; (c) clearly defined hierarchy of offices; (d) rules governing performance, which require training to administer; (e) impersonal treatment of clients, in that all are treated equally; (f) merit as the basis of promotion or appointment; (g) compensation based on rank; (h) separation of personal and company assets and interests; (i) discipline and control of daily work; (j) files and record keeping for decisions, acts, and rules (Bolman & Deal, 2008; O’Connor, 2011). There are numerous shorthand versions of Weber’s theory including Harmon and Mayer (1986) in Organization Theory for Public Administration and Heady (2001) in Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective (O’Connor, 2011).
Sachs, A. (2010). Management, Plain and Simple. Time, 175(15), Global 4. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.
In my understanding, management has had only to do with preserving the current status of thing so that today’s methods of production are upheld even tomorrow. The process of managing things. However, as Deming and Lee point out, management and leadership must be innovative enough to look into the future and examine if today’s methods will be relevant tomorrow to yield even more results. Effective management and leadership calls for flexibility to ensure that changes are welcomed and any adjustments deemed necessary are taken into consideration so as not to miss out on any opportunity
Bureaucracy has been the main form of organisation for over a century and can be characterised by the following: functional specialisation, employees carrying out one function of activity as their primary role; hierarchy of authority, those in superior positions having authority based solely on the virtue of the position itself; a system of rules, the tasks of the organisation following a formal set of procedures and practices; and impersonality, individuals being treated on the basis of the rules rather than emotions and personality (Knights & Willmott, 2012). The mainstream perspective states that a bureaucratic organisation’s central aim is to maximise efficiency, objectivity and fairness and can be thought of as a ‘machine’ with the people making up the components (Knights & Willmott, 2012). This view attributes three problems to this rule-centred organisation: poor motivation, poor customer service and a resistance to innovation and change (Knights & Willmott, 2012). Employees in bureaucratic organisations tend not to be committed to their
Carpenter, M., Bauer, T., Erodogan, B., & Short, J. (2013). Principles of management. (2nd ed.).
In controlling, organization has lots of risk factors .Manager take some employee who is able to control and handling risk factors.
In the article entitled “The Human Side of Enterprise” by Douglas Murray McGregor , McGregor stated that industry has fundamental know how to utilize physical and technology science. The conventional view of management consisted of three propositions which are called Theory X (Shafritz & Hyde,2012).
The development of a true science of management, so that the best method for performing each task could be determined.
The classical approach to management was the result of an effort to develop a body of management thinking, and the management theorists who participated in this effort are considered the pioneers of management study. The classical viewpoint emphasises efficiency in managing work and organisations in order to increase production (S. C. Certo & S. T. Certo, 2006).... ... middle of paper ... ...
The founding father of scientific management theory is Fredrick Winslow Taylor. He was an American mechanical engineer and an inventor. Modern management theorist Edward Deming credited Taylor for his contributions while Joseph Juran criticized his work for extracting more work from workers. However a careful reading of Taylor’s work will disclose that he placed workers interest as high as the employer’s in his studies. Before the principles of management are discussed it is very important to understand the causes which led Taylor to derive the four principles of management. The three causes are as follows:
There are several theories that examine an organization and it’s approach to managing work in an effort to develop efficiency and increase production. Two classical approaches to management are Taylor’s scientific management theory and Weber's bureaucratic management theory. Both men are considered pioneers of in the study of management.
A good example of a bureaucracy today would be a university or even the government itself. Although many bureaucracies today exhibit many of the characteristics Weber described, there are still some that do not. Many bureaucracies display the characteristics of hierarchy of authority, specialization, formalized rules, and division of labor. However, there are many grey lines in between that. There is often incompetence, favoritism, and bending of rules in many bureaucracies that go unnoticed most of the time. Also, some individuals often misuse their position in order to have personal gain and certain rules are not clear. Also, nowadays individuals are not hired based on their qualities, as Weber mentioned. The majority of the time, individuals are hired because of impersonal reasons due to someone they know, or through a promotion which is based on their performance of a task. Another problem is the fact that communication can be very hard when everything needs to be passed down from one level to the next. An example of this is when the 9/11 attack occurred. Because there are many different federal agencies, it causes miscommunication between them because there is an overlap when it comes to having the responsibility of the intelligence received as well as the authority. The problem was that there were many pieces and bits of information but it could not be put together into one
Over recent years companies have become less dependent on paper and more dependent on technology. Take American Honda Motors for example; the Davenport Parts facility recently converted computer systems to more efficiently manage its inventory. Prior to its new system months of preparation was needed in order to ensure a smooth change over. Without the four basic functions of management all working together success would not have been possible.
There are three well-established theories of classical management: Taylor?s Theory of Scientific Management, Fayol?s Administrative Theory, Weber?s Theory of Bureaucracy. Although these schools, or theories, developed historical sequence, later ideas have not replaced earlier ones. Instead, each new school has tended to complement or coexist with previous ones.
The evolution of management though the decades can be divided into two major sections. One of the sections is the classical approach. Under the classical approach efficiency and productivity became a critical concern of the managers at the turn of the 20th century. One of the approaches from the classical time period were systematic management which placed more emphasis on internal operations because managers were concerned with meeting the growth in demand brought on by the Industrial revolution. As a result managers became more concerned with physical things than towards the people therefore systematic management failed to lead to production efficiency. This became apparent to an engineer named Frederick Taylor who was the father of Scientific Management. Scientific Management was identified by four principles for which management should develop the best way to do a job, determine the optimum work pace, train people to do the job properly, and reward successful performance by using an incentive pay system. Scientifi...