The American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) states, “A high 90% of boxers will sustain at least one brain injury by the time their career ends.” (AANS, 2010) The British Board of Sports Medicine reports from 1998 to 2006, there were 70 deaths caused by injuries related to the sport of boxing. (Espinoza) Boxing is an art of attack and defense with the fists and is practiced as a sport. Boxing at one point was one of the components of the Ancient Olympic Games from 644BC and was banned from Roman times until the 17th century. In recent times there has been widespread debate in both the medical and lay press about the neurological risks of boxing with many calls to ban boxing as a sport. This review seeks to establish evidence for the development of boxing-related chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The review also seeks to establish and determine the relevance of this information to the modern day sport. As medical presence within the sport increases and with modern boxers likely to have shorter careers, a reduced exposure to repetitive head trauma with improved treatment and understanding of the development of CTE will occur. This should lead to the incidence of CTE diminishing in boxing populations. (McCory, Tsharni & Cameron, 2007)
Both conditional and unconditional logistic regression models were used to assess risk factors for injury. Accord to the “Southern Medical Journal’s Result; overall incidence rate of injury was 17.1 per 100 boxer-matches, or 3.4 per 100 boxer-rounds.” (Lipsey) The Southern Medical Journal’s also reports that facial laceration accounted for 51% of all injuries, followed by hand injury (17%), eye injury (14%). and nose injury (5%). (McCoy) Professional boxing is associated with a risk ...
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Reference
Bailey, D., Jones, D., & Sinnott, A. (2013). Impaired cerebral haemodynamic function associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in professional boxers. Retrieved from http://www.clinsci.org/cs/124/0177/cs1240177.htm
Clausen, H., McCrory, P., & Anderson, V. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/39/9/661.full
Espinoza, J. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.askmen.com/sports/fanatic_300/316_which-is-more-dangerous-boxing-or-mma.html
McCory, P., Tsharni, Z., & Cameron, P. (2007, January 06). The evidence for chronic traumatic encephalopathy in boxing. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00007256-200737060-00001
McCoy, S. J. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sma.org
McKee, A., Cantu, R., & Nowinski, C. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.bu.edu/cste
Lipsey, J. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://sma.org/southern-medical-journal/
He Appeals to Logos when he writes, “Over the past two decades it has become clear that repetitive blows to the head in high-impact contact sports like football, ice hockey, mixed martial arts and boxing place athletes at risk of permanent brain damage….Why, then, do we continue to intentionally expose our children to this risk?” He continues by writing, “If a child who plays football is subjected to advanced radiological and neurocognitive studies, there can be evidence of brain damage at the cellular level of brain functioning…. If that child continues to play over many seasons, these cellular injuries accumulate to cause irreversible brain damage, which we know now by the name Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy,” a disease founded by Dr.Omalu in 2002. C.T.E can cause “major depression, memory loss, suicidal thoughts and actions, loss of intelligence as well as dementia later in life.” C.T.E has also been linked to “drug and alcohol abuse as children enter their 20s, 30s, and 40s.” Dr.Omalu Appeals to Ethos when he writes, “As physicians, it is our role to educate” and “protect the most vulnerable among
Boxing is combat with very little protection and it insures lots of injury. Having a career as a boxer one thing is guaranteed suffering countless injuries and possibly undergoing some very fatal blows to the head. In the article it says that boxers still box because people still go to boxing matches to watch boxers go at it all out till time is called. The article also mentions that boxer had a twenty percent chance of dementia. Boxers knowingly put their life in hazard for the amusement of other people.
With that being said, we begin to notice the comparison between both dogfighting and football. This was shown by using a system called “HITS, in which six sensors are placed inside the helmet of every player on the field, measuring the force and location of every blow he receives to the head” (Gladwell 56). The HITS system helped to conclude that practice can be just as dangerous as the games. With this being said, football is an overall reckless style of play that can continually cause brain injury. Not just football but both of these high intensity sports are viewed as damaging to one 's body both physically and mentally. Because of this, if people consider dogfighting to be unjust, illegal, and abusive then they should believe football to have the same damaging effects. Unfortunately, there is such a high demand for football, because of all the money it brings. Because of this, scientist and doctors will ignore the realistic facts and continue to allow people to participate in this
Thiel, Art. “NFL’s Plight on Brain Injuries Not Over.” Al Jazeera America. N.p., n.d. Web. 10
What does Jovan Belcher, Ray Esterling and O.J. Murdock Have in common? They all were famous football players who commented suicide. Each player had something called chronic traumatic encephalopathy or CTE. This is a condition where sufferers have had repeated hits to the head that leads to concussions and ultimately head trauma. In this research paper, we will go over the data about the NFL to see could they have prevented CTE in these players if they had placed the player’s safety first.
Kremer, Andrea. "Health of the Game: Brain Injuries beyond Concussions 0." NFL.com. N.p., 7 Mar. 2013. Web. 10 Nov. 2013. (Online Video)
A. Background In recent years, there has been an increase in research investigating the long-term effects of repeated head trauma on the brain, especially in athletes. Following his discovery of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), Dr. Bennet Omalu inspired a movement of research aimed at establishing better safety standards and protocols in football. It was not until 2002 that the initial connection between repetitive head trauma, such as concussions, and brain injury was suspected (Ott, 2015). As common as concussions were during the late 1970s and 1980s, they were often swept under the rug, as they were seen as insignificant injuries.
Traumatic Brain Injury — Football, Warfare, and Long-Term Effects. New England Journal of Medicine. pp. 1293-1296. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1007051.
While doing research on how concussions affected the brain, they came upon SIS. SIS raised concern in the sports community, they found that they need to be more cautious with the care and d management of athletes the suffered head injuries. '" occurs when an athlete who has sustained an initial head injury, most often a concussions, then sustains a second head injury before symptoms associated with the first have fully healed (Cantu and Voy 1995).'" Michael Bay was a athlete that got a concussions, shortly after he was hit again while being in practice. Mr. Bay die in a deep coma, after the medical examiner perform the autopsy it was found that Michael cause of death was a massive cerebral edema ( a cerebral edema is "the accumulation of fluid in and resultant swelling of the brain that may be caused by trauma, a tumor, lack of oxygen at high altitudes, or exposure to toxic substances." MedlinePlus). The next one is the intracranial injury, there are four major types of intracranial injuries: epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, intracranial hematoma, and cerebral contusion. The epidural hematoma is a bleeding that develops between the dura and the cranial bones. Subdural hematoma is also a bleed, but it develops below the dura mater. The intracranial hematoma is a bleed that happens within the brain tissue. And the last one the cerebral contusion is
Did you know, that someone suffers from a brain injury every 21 seconds (Haas)? Children get concussions all the time, and most of the time they go unnoticed. The majority of concussions happen when one is playing a sport such as football, hockey, or lacrosse. Many famous athletes have had their careers, even their lives cut short due to concussions. Brain damage and death can result from serial concussions (Schafer). When one suffers from a concussion, one’s brain needs time to recover physically and mentally. Between 2002 and 2006, statistics showed that 52,000 people died from concussions and about 275,000 were hospitalized (Fundukian). Everyone’s recovery process is different (“Injury and Pain Care”). Although concussions seem minor, they are very serious brain injuries that may result in severe damage to one’s brain.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease attributed to single, sporadic, or repetitive brain trauma, including concussions and subconcussive hits (Baugh et al., 2012; Wortzel et al., 2013). This disease was originally referred to as dementia pugilistica, and nicknamed “punch drunk,” because individuals suffering from this disorder would present symptoms that were similar to someone’s mannerisms while being intoxicated (Wortzel et al., 2013). This “drunken” behavior is thought to be attributed to the cognitive, mood, and behavioral alterations as a result of the repetitive hits to the brain over an extended period of time. Because individuals suffering from this disease are often exposed to conditions that allow them to sustain blows to the head multiple times, the populations most often examined in these studies are athletes (football, boxing, rugby) and/or individuals in the military (McKee et al., 2009). Individuals can be symptom free for several years (Baugh et al., 2012). The onset of symptoms are sometimes seen about eight to ten years after an individual retires from their sport, which roughly equates to someone aged thirty to fifty yeas old (Baugh et al., 2012; Wortzel et al., 2013; Karantzoulis and Randolph, 2013). As with all diseases, symptoms can range from mild to severe. Researchers have found a positive correlation between the number of brain injuries sustained during a length of time playing a sport and the severity of symptoms (McKee et al., 2009).
Thesis: Concussions affect children and adults of all ages causing physical, emotional and metal trauma to a person and their brain.
Recreational athletes, competitive athletes, high school athletes, college athletes, and professional athletes all have one thing in common: the risk of a concussion. It's impossible to go a season without one athlete from a team receiving a concussion. The more that these concussions are studied, the more we learn about them, such as their detrimental effects on athletes. Because of the risk of health issues and death that come with concussions, doctors, coaches, athletic trainers, and lawmakers are stepping in to protect athletes of all levels from receiving concussions.
High impact sport injuries are really dangerous. If you get hit hard the results could be bad. The long term negative health effects of high impact sports injuries are concussions and CTEs. The first reason why I think high impact sport injuries are dangerous is concussions. Getting hit in the head hard causes one. Concussions make you see blurry, you can forget things, and you can get a lot of headaches.
Stocchetti, N., Pagan, F., Calappi, E., Canavesi, K., Beretta, L., Citerio, G., … Colombo, A., (2004). Inaccurate early assessment of neurological severity in head injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 21(9), 1131-1140. doi:10.1089/neu.2004.21.1131