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Cryptography's history
History of encryption technology
Cryptography's history
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The Controversy Surrounding Computer Cryptography
The topic of cryptography is being debated in the computer lately, especially since September 11, 2001. To begin with, though cryptography is secret writing or the enciphering and deciphering of messages in secret code or cipher. Cryptography has become very popular in all aspects of life that deal with computers, which is almost every aspect of our daily lives. Ever since the mid-seventies, cryptography is the new way of keeping information secret or private. However, just how good and safe is cryptography?
There have been many forms of codes that were used to send messages from group to group or person to person. One of the first know type of secret messaging was done by the Spartans of Ancient Greece around 484 to 425 BC. Secret messages were written on wooden tablets and covered with wax to make the tablet look like wood again. The message could then be read after the wax was removed. The slaves trying to escape used another type of secret messaging. Some messages that they would use to signal each other were quilts. Certain patterns on some quilts gave directions to these slaves in how to escape into Canada. In addition, they used secret words to help guide their fellow slaves to freedom. One such code phrase was "Follow the drinking gourd." This referred to the Big Dipper in the night sky. Because most slaves traveled at night because it was safer, that phrase gave them directions to their freedom. Those were just a sample of early types of secret codes.
Modern cryptography is far more complicated. It consists of long mathematical formulas that to most people looks like total gibberish. However, these formulas turn a normal sentence into undecipherable code. Modern encryption codes are used daily throughout our daily lives For example they are used widely throughout he Internet for security purposes.
One of Great Britain’s most important naval developments was the founding of the top-secret Office of Naval Intelligence, better known as Room 40. Specializing in cryptography, “the science of writing in secret code” in order to hide sensitive information, Room 40’s cryptanalysts worked around the clock to break the secret code. Decryption is vital in secret transmissions concerning strategic war movements, as the enemy will be looking to intercept information concerning movements and positioning. Great Britain was aided in that the German Navy started the war with three primary codes, and within four months the British Admiralty possessed physical copies of all three of them.
messages by telephone and radio in their native language , a code that the Japanese never
Two other things that spies did often were interceptin gmilitary dispatches and sending supplies. Supplies were often hidden in the same places that messages were hidden. It was also common practice for Confederate spies to hide morphine in the heads of dolls to smuggle it in from the North, as morphine was a painkiller that was desperately needed in Confederate hospitals.
...er. The songs spoke of, “going home” or “being bound for the land of Canaan”. People generally assumed they were singing about dying and going to Heaven, but they were actually singing about going north to Canada and freedom (www.pathways.thinkport.org). Quilt code was another way for them to communicate. They used different geometric patterns in quilts to pass messages along through the Underground Railroad (www.ugrrquilt.hartcottagequilts.com). There were various patterns that a seamstress would sew on there. She’d make a sampler quilt for the slaves to memorize and then make big quilts to hang in the window and such. The wrench pattern meant gather your tools and get physically and mentally prepared. The wagon wheel meant pack your belongings, while the bear’s paw symbolized follows the literal footprints of the bear. The tumbling blocks meant pack up and go.
Many of the slaves were illiterate in English. Therefore Oral transmission became the chief means of communication because of restrictions placed on slaves music became the chief means of covert communication.
Lerch, Bethany. "Women and the Future of Afghanistan." WSJ. The Walls Street Journal, 08 July 2015. Web. 07 Oct. 2016.
Proof that would help back up what is being said is that most slaves didn’t know how to read or write so they would use song to communicate without their slave owners’ understanding what was being said. This would inadvertently allow slaves to speak to one another in codes. Different songs told slaves specific things on how to escape or what to look out for. This was a beneficial way of communicating without their masters understanding the codes. Without slave masters knowing the slaves plan, they had a higher chance of escaping unnoticed until the daytime.
t’s in recent years there has been an increased emphasis on dealing with violence and abuse within the UK society in general. Following a focus in the United Kingdom (UK) on child abuse in the 1970s and domestic violence in the 1980s, and in the 1990s the abuse and neglect of older people began to bring up concerns. However, the initial focus of interest was of situations arising in the home settings. More recently, much needed attention has shifted to situations involving institutional settings (Penhale, 2008).
The telegraph was invented in 1832 by an artist named Samuel F.B. Morse. Before Morse sent his famous message there were signaling systems that made so people could communicate over long distances. Most systems were using flags or lights to signal things. most signals were semaphore. Morse thought that sending a message over a wire might be possible by using codes. The telegraph was called and electromechanical telegraph which Morse called it the recording telegraph. The way they would talk over the telegraph was have codes that Morse would make by pressing the buttons on the morse code and holding down the buttons for longer and shorter periods of time. There were two people that helped Morse were Vail, and Leonard Gale. Then in 1838 Morse had a code for sending and receiving messages.
A woman’s life in Afghanistan is one of the most shocking and devastating truths. It wasn’t until September 11th 2001 that the world awoke to the relevance of women’s issues to international peace and security. However, it’s been two years since and the lives of Afghan women have improved only slightly. Harassment, violence, illiteracy, poverty and extreme repression continue to characterize reality for many afghan women.
Starting from the communication, there were many ways of communication in previous history. For instance, people used to send mail to people via animals. In ancient China, people used pigeon to send messages. This approach was efficient but risky. If rivals captured the pigeon, then the information could not sent successfully. (Fang, 2008) Just before the introduction of telephone, electric telegraph was prosperous in the Mid-nineteenth century by using the Morse alphabet to transmit information.(Robertson, 2006) However, operators who acted as the intermediate business platform in that
Many of our elders are abused or neglected. Elder abuse is any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a family member or other caregiver that causes harm or a serious risk of harm to an elderly person as defined by (Thobaben). In her article “How Many of the Elderly are Abused or Neglected?” Mari Jensen states that an estimated 1 million to 2 million elderly people are victims of abuse or neglect. This problem received the name of “granny bettering” when it first hit the news in 1978. However, there is a big absence of exploration into abuse of the elderly. Our elders are our past and we will all be affected by this abuse in one way or another. Neglect is when certain provisions such as food and clothing are withheld from people who
Elder abuse cases tend to be complex with many factors and dimensions to the abuse. The need for improving the general understanding of elder abuse cases can help researchers and law enforcement to both develop and evaluate theory as to provide explanations for abuse. Research has succeeded as to bring attention to some of the characteristics which are common to the different types of elderly abuse.
Codes have been around for centuries ranging from wax, invisible ink, Morse code, the Enigma used by the Germans during World War II and now steganographic. Steganography is the latest form to insidiously hide information over the Internet without a trace of a file being altered. You are able to hide messages within images, voice or music. Steganography is an ancient method of hiding messages. Today messages are hidden in images and music. Steganography can be traced back to the ancient Greek who would write messages on tablets and cover them in wax. This made the tablets look blank and unsuspicious (Kolata, F4). Citizens of ancient civilizations would tattoo messages on their shaved heads. They would then let their hair grown in and travel across enemy lines to deliver the message (Seper, G1). During World War II the Allies placed a ban on flower deliveries with dates, crossword puzzles and even report cards (Kolata, F4) for fear of a message being hidden with in. Steganographers first alter their data by using encryption and then place the image into a pre-select image. Steganographers look for a piece of code that would be the least significant and look the least altered to the human eye (Kolata, F4), being as inconspicuousness and random as possible. This makes the messages undetectable unless you knew that there is a message hidden and you were able to crack the code.
The standard 21 year old adults have exchanged 250 thousand emails, spent 5 thousand hours video gaming and 10 thousand hours using their mobile devices (Lei, 2009). When people hear the word technology, they think of microwaves, televisions, cars, NASA, different types and transportation and more. For all that, technology has occurred long ahead these discoveries. Technology is an arguable matter amongst people. .In the old days, people lived an extremely simple life without technology. They used candles to light their houses and lanterns at the dark to travel, they used fire to cook and used newspapers and mail to share news. On the other hand, technology has seized an important place in our society. People are living in a stage of progressive technology. They are using all natural reserves applicable for making their lives better and easier. The society cannot picture life without electricity since it allows them to live through their everyday life. This paper argues that technology positively impacts people’s lives.