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Women and patriarchal society
Women and patriarchal society
Women and patriarchal society
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The Comstock Act of 1873 prohibited the mailing and trade of “obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious” materials. In other words, things like contraceptive materials and even any information pertaining the topic was illegal. The 1873 Comstock Act reflected patriarchy and sexism by maintaining women suppressed into the lifestyle of just bearing children and allowing man to have more authority over a woman’s body. Women during this time had to face going through same issues again of dangerous pregnancies and the denial of their reproductive rights. 4. Explain two reasons why androcentrism in healthcare is a problem for women. Androcentrism in healthcare is a problem for women because their health could be at risk and it promotes sexism. Androcentrism
in healthcare focuses doing more research on men’s bodies than women which any drugs that were tested on just men can affect women differently. Women are at more risk if they do not have the proper medications. Androcentrism also promotes sexism in healthcare because women are being isolated when doing clinical trials on drugs. It is easier for men to assume what women’s conditions may be with the little knowledge that is known on their reproductive system.
In Samuelson and Antony’s book Power and Resistance, renowned sociologist Professor Pat Armstrong tackles the topic of health care reform from a critical feminist perspective. Her analytic critique of the historic tenets of Health Care policy in Canada, effectively points out a systemic disadvantage for the women of our society. Which, in the spirit of transparency, completely blind sighted me as a first time reader because, well, this is Canada. Canada, the internationally renowned first world nation with a reputation for progressive social reform. The same Canada that Americans make fun of for being ‘too soft’. As far as the world is concerned we’re the shining nation-state example of how to do health care right. Needless to say, Professor
The Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 was a federal law enacted by congress in 1878 to restrict the federal governments from utilizing the Air Force and Army powers in civil law enforcement functions. The law ensures that civilian police agencies are directly responsible for all law enforcement functions in the United States, and the Armed Forces are responsible for fighting American wars abroad. The military can only be used as law enforcement in America if it specifically authorized.
As agriculture students at Oklahoma State University, it is very important to understand the history behind the establishment of our institution. Attending a land-grant university is certainly unique, but what does it mean? This paper will discuss the legislative acts that organized our university, as well as other agriculture and mechanic schools across the United States.
Although birth control and other forms of contraceptives did not fully become legal until the 1960’s they had been developed nearly seventy years earlier in the forms the are still prevalent today (Birth Control in America). The modern condom, or “...rubber was invented in 1870, but [it] was not the thin latex type…” that is currently prevalent in our society (Hoag Levins 2). An early form of the birth control pill, which Margaret Sanger advocated, was also in existence in the very late 1800’s (Birth Control in America). Contraception was considered an ethical issue, in that the majority of Americans believed it was a form of abortion and therefor it was considered amoral (Birth Control in America). The laws of Sanger's day “...forced women into celibacy on one hand, or abortion on the other" (Sanger B 3). Why did it take so long to spread and legalize something with the potential to better the lives and life styles of women and families in the early 1900’s? It could be partially attributed to the attitude of politicians of the time. President Theodore Roosevelt said "...that the American people would be committing racial suicide"(Birth Control in America). Roosevelt shared a belief, held by the majority of politicians at the time, that families of America should act, as Roosevelt put it "servants of the state; and should provide Children to build national st...
When legally introduced to society in 1960, the Pill stirred up a long period of controversy. The availability of the Pill had great impact on women’s health, social life, laws, religion, family, relationships, morality and sexuality. Initially conceived to be highly effective and safe, the Pill left many women with side effects – few which led to several fatalities. Before the Pill was created, many women postponed sex due to the social norm and fear of becoming pregnant before marriage. Families grew large and it was typical for a woman to have multiple children caused by the lack of birth control. Due to regulations, such as the Comstock laws, many people supported the prohibition of the Pill and other family planning practices. However, many women believed in the right to control their own body when it came to procreation. Despite the controversies, the Pill left lasting impacts, such as by opening society to the sexual revolution and...
The Stamp Act of 1765 was the beginning of the revolution for the colonies of North America. When the Stamp Act was passed by the British Parliament, it required American colonists to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. This included ship’s papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, and even playing cards. However, in the past, taxes and duties on colonial trade had always been viewed as measure to regulate commerce but not to raise money. Therefore, England viewed this taxes as a direct attempt to raise money in the colonies without the approval of the colonial legislatures. Due to this effects, the Stamp Act provoked such a violent reaction in the colonies, because it was seen as a threat to the colonist’s liberties and rights, as well as affecting multiple members of the society.
This law banned materials that were related to abortion and contraception from being passed out to women. During the Great Depression in the 1930s, the rate of illegal abortions increased. Many women did not want to have the burden of having a child during economic stress within the country. Due to many doctors practicing dangerous abortions, the number of death tolls is high. By the 1940s, the death toll had declined.
Although birth control has been practiced since ancient times, the first organized efforts developed during the 19th century as population increased dramatically because of improved medical care, nutrition, and sanitation. However, birth control met with resistance. In 1873 the United States Congress enacted the Comstock Law, which prohibited the distribution of birth-control devices and information.
In Canada in the early 20th century birth control was a highly contentious issue. Before 1929 birth control was an obscene, immoral and unnatural topic. It was broached only by the odd feminist or left-wing group. Section 179c (substituted by Section 207 in 1900) of the 1892 Criminal Code made the sale or advertisement of contraceptives an indictable offense up until the Code was amended in 1969. During the years 1930-1936 the mindset of Canadians began to shift toward approval of the use and legalization of contraceptives. This movement originated from middle-class Canadian concerns over population and the economic stability of Canada along with concerns over maternal health. Many women involved in the movement argued women had a right to birth control and the control over their own bodies, this view however was overshadowed by the economic and social arguments presented by the leaders of the movement. Throughout these years there was much opposition to the legalization of birth control. The proponents of birth control were equated in the minds of many with either sexual radicals or reactionary Malthusians. The Roman Catholic Church opposed birth control vehemently because it allowed for the separation of sexuality and procreation. It is argued that the birth control movement stemmed from the Depression in the 1930’s.
Anthony Comstock was a man with strong opinions about what he considered to be obscene, and an equally strong resolve to put an end to it (CIT3). According to Comstock (And many other men at the time), things such as birth control and abortion were obscene (CIT4). Comstock was a very rich man, and used his wealth to get a law passed against things that he considered obscene, such as these (CIT4). The passed law was known as “An Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use,” or, in simpler terms, “Comstock Law (CIT4).” However, the values of a society change throughout passing decades, and “Comstock Law” grew increasingly controversial the longer it was around. In 1973, one-hundred years later, in court case “Roe v. Wade,” the law was changed to only concern “unlawful abortions (CIT3).” However, by 1997, the “abortion-related elements” of obscenity law were
Wade. In this case, she filed a class action lawsuit arguing against the constitutionality of a Texas law that made it illegal to attempt or obtain an abortion except in cases where the pregnancy is determined to be fatal to the mother. The Supreme Court ruled in 1973 that the enforcement of a policy prohibiting women from having safe access to an abortion was unconstitutional. They found their grounding for this ruling in the fifth and fourteenth amendment that have to deal will due process, which they defined as being inclusive of a right to privacy. This was another step forward and away from the once prohibited actions made illegal by the Comstock act. Roth was in charge of operating a book business in New York and was accused and convicted of mailing obscene circulars that were supposedly in violation of the federally enforced obscenity statutes at the time. The Supreme Court decided in a 6-3 decision that obscenity was not constitutionality protected under the first amendment. They reasoned that the intention of the first amendment was not to defend and protect every form of expression especially those that do not carry with them any value of social
"People and Events: The Pill and the Sexual Revolution." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 12 May 2014.
In the years after the Civil War, there was a popular crusade in the USA against a variety of vices: pornography, abortion, contraception, prostitution, alcoholic beverages, etc. The result of this crusade was to attempt to legislate morality and compel everyone to obey one group's moral values. Federal law in the USA (so-called Comstock Law, first passed in 1873) made it a crime to: (1) sell or give away any contraceptive or abortifacient, (2) send through the U.S. Mail any contraceptive or abortifacient, or (3) import any contraceptive or abortifacient. See U.S. v. One Package, 86 F.2d 737, 739...
There is hope though for women in this area. More and more women are realizing that they can rectify systemic injustices. They look toward a future when feminist theorizing has a more profound influence on society including medicine and health. This, in a way, is where they are most capable because of their motherly instincts. They look toward a future when the voices of the socially marginalized are fully recognized, and the needs of all social groups are incorporated into a system of healthcare justice that is responsive to the diverse needs of all across the globe.
In the operation of the healthcare system, gender plays a central role. Gender discrimination in the healthcare exists either in the field of education, workplace or while attending to the patients. Interestingly, as opposed to other areas where discrimination lies heavily to a particular gender; gender inequality in health happens to both women and men. Gender inequality in the health care service negatively affects the quality of care given and perpetuates patient biases to a gender. Also, the gender disparities in the field of health assists researchers and practitioners to study conditions and their probable manifestations within both sexes.