The Chemistry of Gunpowder

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Improving warfare technology was an extremely important aspect of the Civil War. Gunpowder or black powder played an important role in the Civil war and gunpowder involves a great deal of chemistry. It consists of three ingredients sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate (saltpeter). For only three ingredients the chemical reaction is a very complicated and its chemical equation is 4 KNO3 + C7H4O + 2 S ------> 2 K2S + 4 CO2 + 3 CO + 2H2O + 2 N2. The KNO3 is potassium nitrate, the C7H4O is charcoal, and the S is sulfur. What many people don’t know is that black powder doesn’t cause an explosion. The explosion is actually caused by the buildup of gases released during the chemical reaction. This hot rapid release of gas is what propels a bullet forward (Dunn, 2009). Instead of explosion, the word combustion will be used to not cause confusion. Gunpowder was used in their cannons, guns, and other weapons of war. Black powder and its chemistry were extremely important to the Civil War.
The first crucial ingredient is sulfur and not just any sulfur, but elemental sulfur (S). Sulfur is one of the few elements that occurs naturally in nature. Until about the twentieth century, 95% of all sulfur was mined in Sicily and is still mined there today, just not in such quantities (Dunn, 2009) It can be extracted from a variety of minerals. In the northern Alps of France and Germany, sulfur was actually extracted from pyrite (FeS2) or “fools gold”. The sulfur was extracted by heating the pyrite to 450ºF represented by the chemical reaction
2 FeS2 ----> 2 FeS + S2 (Bretscher, 2009). Sulfur is a “matrix constituent” in the black powder. This means that it allows the powder to be a hotter and more stable burning powder which is imp...

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...remely influential throughout history, but it had an even bigger impact on the Civil War. Each ingredient played its part in creating the weapon of war and its chemistry was a game changer in the Civil War. Of course now we have moved on to more powerful and advanced things, so much so that black powder is now considered a low explosive. Even so, it still should be respected and not many people know what goes on on a chemical level. Chemistry certainly changed gunpowder and was crucial to the Civil War.

Works Cited

http://www.civilwarartillery.com/disarm/blackpowder.htm http://cavemanchemistry.com/oldcave/projects/gunpowder/ http://chemistry-and-edu.blogspot.com/2009/09/chemistry-of-gunpowder.html http://www.musketeer.ch/blackpowder/bp_menu.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmtK2BgmGCw The Science of Fireworks! Royal Institution 2-23 min.

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