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Salem witch trials puritans
Elizabethan Witch Trials
Salem witch trials
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Anne Whittle was the first of the Pendle witches tried, she had confessed to being a witch in all of her examinations and blamed Elizabeth Sowtherns for introducing her to witchcraft, but plead not guilty to the crimes of using witchcraft to harm others. After examination of Anne Whittle, the Justices of the Peace examined those that were accused with her about the actions of Anne Whittle in relation to acts of witchcraft. Notably, James, Alizon, and Elizabeth Deuice all testified against Anne Whittle accusing her of multiple witchcrafts. Anne Whittle was found guilty of using witchcraft to harm people, and sentenced to death. Anne Whittle’s case was not the only one of the cases from Pendle Forest that resulted in execution. Executed along with Anne Whittle were, James Deuice, Alizon Deuice, Elizabeth Deuice, Anne Readfearne, Alice Nutter, Katherine Hewytte, John Bulcock, Jane Bulcock, and Isabel Robey. Of the eleven cases from Pendle Forest that went to trial, ten people were executed, Margaret Pearson was deemed guilty by the jury but not executed. Instead of execution, Margaret Pearson was forced to stand on a pillar in the market for four market …show more content…
This is seen through the examination of the Witchcraft Acts, which allowed for sentencing other than death for the guilty, and the six-step court process, with its heavy reliance on evidence and testimony. These factors allowed for the English legal system to prevent the death of many people, by giving options other than death and by requiring enough evidence that the Justices of the Peace would feel that the accused will be convicted without a doubt. Comparing the 1,000 executions of English people convicted of witchcraft in a secular court to the 26,000-people executed in Germany and the 10,000 in France, the English legal system clearly had a role in reducing the number of deaths for the crime of
Bridget Bishop was officially the first victim to be hung at the trials. As trials and executions continued, the colonist began to doubt that so many people could be guilty of witchcraft. The colonists feared that many innocent people were being
LaPlante, Eve. Amrican Jezebel: The Uncommon Life of Anne Hutchinson, the Woman Who Defied the Puritans. New York: Harper Collins, 2004.
...y the accused there really was no hard evidence of witchcraft, the only reason anyone hanged was because the judges believed themselves so righteous that no one would dare lie in front of them, therefor the girls were telling the truth. I see no reasoning in the whole system they used to find witches back then in Salem.
Literary historicism, in the context of this discussion, describes the interpretation of literary or historical texts with respect to the cultural and temporal conditions in which they were produced. This means that the text not only catalogues how individuals respond to their particular circumstances, but also chronicles the movements and inclinations of an age as expressed in the rhetorical devices of its literature. Evaluating the trial of Anne Hutchinson within such a theoretical framework means speculating on the genesis of her theological beliefs with recourse to prevailing theories of gender, class, and interpretation. Because texts are self-contained spheres of discourse, nuanced interpretations of them can be undertaken with greater assiduity than in the case of individuals whose private experiences remain largely concealed from the interpreter's knowledge. A historical analysis of Anne Hutchinson herself is hence, in the present discussion, secondary to the analysis of how she comes across in textual discourse as a palimpsest of seventeenth century gender controversy.
Witchcraft burned tens of thousands of people in the Middle Ages. Just in Salem, Massachusetts, the citizens accused over one hundred and fifty people of witchcraft. As a result of these accusations, the court hanged twenty of these supposed witches. How much evidence was there to convict the supposed witches? Not enough to select death as the punishment. However, the court sentenced the accused to be hanged if they did not confess which causes another problem: why hang when one could confess to a lie and live? Indeed, the court system broke down during these witch trials.
In Puritan led Massachusetts Bay Colony during the days of Anne Hutchinson was an intriguing place to have lived. It was designed ideally as a holy mission in the New World called the “city upon a hill,” a mission to provide a prime example of how protestant lives should have subsisted of. A key ingredient to the success of the Puritan community was the cohesion of the community as a whole, which was created by a high level of conformity in the colony. Puritan leaders provided leadership for all facets of life; socially, economically, religiously, and even politically. A certain hierarchy was very apparent in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, in which ministers always seemed to have gotten their way. Governor Winthrop got his way in 1637 by banishing a woman, Anne Hutchinson, whom he thought posed a threat to the structure of the colony. I believe that there is a legit rationale for her banishment, this being her religious ideas that were very close to that of the Antinomians who Governor Winthrop was not too fond of. I also think that this was not the primal reason. In my mind, Anne’s gender played a large role in determining whether or not she actually posed a serious threat to the solidarity of Massachusetts.
In many ways, the trials that delivered verdicts that often lead to an alleged witch’s death were often based on the word some respected member of the community or another. On close inspection, it becomes clear that most of the individuals accused and punished for practicing witchcraft led lives that were considered out of the ordinary, and were usually marginalized by society, as a result. After many innocent lives had been lost, Increase Mather, a Harvard College academic and a respected member of society, urged the Massachusetts’s legal representative to change the standards governing evidence on witchcraft to be equal to other crimes. The Massachusetts General Court later deemed the trials as being unconstitutional and unlawful since they did not adhere to the due process. Magistrates such as Samuel Sewall, who were responsible for executions in the trials, apologized publicly for their actions to undermine the people’s rights. The court also ruled on offering financial compensation to the heirs of the executed suspects in 1711. The Salem Witch Trials are now widely accepted as unjustified killings resulting from inaccurate accusations made due to mass hysteria, religious extremism and social
In Bettelheim's essay, The Ignored Lessons of Anne Frank, he criticizes Anne Frank's father because of the way he had his whole family hiding out in the attic of one family. Bettelheim claims he is not criticizing Mr. Frank, he just wants his readers to reexamine the way we read history. In his essay, Bettelheim concinced me that we, as readers should look again at the text and realize all the possibilities that the Franks had.
To begin studying the decline of witchcraft prosecutions it is important to note the changes in judicial methods. Levack addresses this 'because in most cases it was the objections to witchcraft prosecutions on legal and judicial grounds that first led to their reduction in numbers.' This suggests that the Scientific Revolution and Reformation were actually less significant in initiating the decline. However, the nature of judicial reform actually relied heavily on a new mental outlook. This is highlighted by a growing...
interest in religion and theology. Add to this the influence of John Cotton, and the
The justice system is designed to protect the people that it serves but during the trials the accused witch had two choices, death or imprisonment.
Many people have been accused of witchcraft. More than twenty men and women died during this terrible time. Bridget Bishop, Sarah Good, Elizabeth Howe, Susannah Martin, Rebecca Nurse, Sarah Wildes, George Burroughs, Martha Carrier, George Jacobs Senior, John Proctor, John Willard, Martha Corey, Mary Easty, Alice Parker, Mary Parker, Ann Pudeator, Margret Scott, Wilmont Redd, and Samuel Wardwell were all accused of witches hanged on Gallows Hill. Gallows Hill is a little hill near the town of Salem. Accused witches would be put in a cart and carried there.
Once the accusations began, many innocent people in the community were taken away. They were then either forced to admit that they were witches, to free themselves from a public hanging, or deny that they were witches, saving their integrity, but subjecting themselves to an unjust public hanging.
The Salem Witch Trials occurred because “three women were out in jail, because of witchcraft, and then paranoia spread throughout Salem” (Blumberg). In the Salem Village, “Betty Paris became sick, on February of 1692, and she contorted in pain and complained of fever” (Linder). The conspiracy of “witchcraft increased when play mates of Betty, Ann Putnam, Mercy, and Mary began to exhibit the same unusual behavior” (Linder). “The first to be accused were Tituba, a Barbados slave who was thought to have cursed the girls, Sarah Good, a beggar and social misfit, and Sarah Osborn, an old lady that hadn’t attended church in a year” (Linder). According to Linder, Tituba was the first to admit to being a witch, saying that she signed Satan’s book to work for him. The judges, Jonathan Corwin and John Hathorne, “executed Giles Corey because he refused to stand trial and afterwards eight more people were executed and that ended the Witch Trials in Salem”
During the early modern period Europe experienced a phase of vicious prosecution of the people accused of the crime of ‘Witchcraft.’ There has been an estimated death toll of up to 50,000 people during these Witch-hunt crazes, although the exact figures are unknown. What is known is that overall 75-80% of those accused were woman although this varies in different states. In this essay I will discuss the role of gender in witchcraft and why the majority of people executed as Witches were women.