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The influence of science in religion
The influence of science in religion
The influence of science in religion
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The Case Against Science
Science has become an unreliable epistemological resource for several reasons. First, the assumptions of science are suspect. Second, the scientific method exhibits narrow limits to the acquisition of universal knowledge. Third, the conclusions of the scientific community at large are questionable and inadequate. Fourth, the practice of science has developed a particular perspective about its place in the world of knowing that diminishes all other avenues of knowledge, to its detriment. Finally, the practice of science involves a philosophical approach which makes scientism and "pure science" hard to differentiate. Thus, science itself, as an epistemological discipline, has been discovered to be unworthy of the extreme admiration granted it by the present technology-loving world.
1. The assumptions of science are suspect.
Historically and philosophically, empiricism has been shown to have clear limitations, since many persons recognize that reality consists of things which can be known through the human senses as well as things which are not known by them. In fact, the very foundational assumptions of science are suspect. Markos indicates that "many of the givens we take for granted (most notably, that the foundation of all true knowledge is material, empirical, and quantifiable) are as recent as they are unproven" [1]. There also appear statements that seem to indicate that scientific assumptions should not be challenged. "No one would today think to ask why the interior angles of a Euclidian triangle sum to precisely 180 degrees. The question is closed because the answer is necessary "[2]. The answer may be necessary but perhaps is not true; perhaps it is only a convention for the use of th...
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...rk: New American Library and University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Lewis. C.S. Miracles. New York: Macmillan, 1978.
Markos, Louis A. "Myth Matters," Christianity Today. Christianity.com, 16 April 2002.
Otto, Rudolf. The Idea of the Holy: An Inquiry into the Non- Rational Factor in the Idea of the Divine and Its Relation to the Rational. London: Oxford University Press, 1970.
Park, Robert. Voodoo Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Schleiermacher, Friedrich. On Religion: Speeches to its Cultured Despisers. New York: Harper and Bros, Publ., 1958.
Singh, Jagjit. Great Ideas of Modern Mathematics. New York: Dover Publ., Inc., 1959.
Trefil, James and Robert M. Hazen. The Sciences: An Integrated Approach. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2000.
Trueblood, D. Elton. Philosophy of Religion. New York: Harper and Bros. Publ., 1957.
Paley, William. “Natural Theology,” in Introduction to Philosophy. 6th edition. Perry, Bratman, and Fischer. Oxford University Press. 2013, pp. 47-51.
Dr. Michael Shermer is a Professor, Founder of skeptic magazine, and a distinguished and brilliant American science writer to say the least. In His book The Moral Arc: How Science Makes Us Better People he sets out to embark on the daunting task of convincing and informing the reader on sciences’ ability to drives the expansion of humanity and the growth of the moral sphere. Although such a broad and general topic could be hard to explain, Shermer does so in a way that is concise, easy to understand, and refreshing for the reader. This novel is riddled with scientific facts, data, and pictures to back up shermers claims about the history of science, humanity and how the two interact with one another.
Peterson, Michael - Hasker, Reichenbach and Basinger. Philosophy of Religion - Selected Readings, Fourth Edition. 2010. Oxford University Press, NY.
In America the practice of body piercing is everywhere, especially among young people, who are getting several parts of their bodies pierced either as an affirmation of their personal individuality, as a means of sexual gratification or stimulation, a reclamation of their bodies from physical or emotional trauma, or for as a means of adornment. Whatever the reason, it's widespread. Body piercing is the piercing of the ears, nose, septum, cheeks, lip, tongue, nipples, navel, clitoris, labia, penis, and scrotum. Says California State University anthropologist James Myers, Ph.D. body piercing is "possibly as old as genus Homo." (Todd, Richard, p.1) Body piercing studios are popping up all over the country in a response to the growing demand for having a needle poked through your skin. Contrary to popular belief, body piercing is not being performed by freakish subculture deviants. In order to be a reputable piercer one has to take a rigorous course of education in the principals and methods of body piercing. This is a step toward the acceptance of body piercing in mainstream America, where it is still viewed with mistrust by many. Body piercing allows a person to express their individuality in a new way: by putting a needle through yourself, you mark your body as your own (Delaney, Jim, p.3). By exploring some of the motivations behind body piercing, onediscovers that it's not an unhealthy practice (unless performed in an unsterile environment or the piercing is not adequately cared for by the piercee- both of which are heavily discouraged by piercing advocates). Indeed, body piercing is a healthy way to express your individuality or improve your self image.
Body piercing has been around for thousands of years. People used to have body piercings for idol worship. For instance, in the Bible, Abraham’s grandson, Jacob, told all the people to cast off all of their body piercing jewelry because it was displeasing to God. He said that people were making a temple of their body and worshipping themselves and their bodies were for God and not themselves. Now in the twenty-first century, it is mainly used for a trendy, rebellious look. No matter what reason you are doing it for, you are probably going to feel the pain from your choice.
Rush, John A.. Spiritual tattoo: a cultural history of tattooing, piercing, scarification, branding, and implants. Berkeley, Calif.: Frog :, 2005. Print.
Eliade, Mircea. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. Trans.Willard R. Trask. New York: Harper and Row, 1961. 12, 13.
Body modifications can be used to establish identity, show feelings or emotions, strengthen self-confidence, or can symbolize an event or experience. Mary Kosut considers tattoos in particular an “ironic fad,” because fads are fleeting but tattoos are forever (1040). No matter how decorative or artistic a tattoo or body piercing may be, studies have found that people with tattoos and piercings have a higher tendency to be depressed or have other psychiatric disorders such as self-harm or eating disorders (Aizenmapepn and Jensen 28). Other studies link multiple tattoos with anti-social and assaultive behaviors (Favazza 153).
1) Oxford Readings in Philosophy. The Concept of God. New York: Oxford University press 1987
Beginning with the natural sciences, knowledge is derived though objective means using the scientific method to inquire about the world. The scientific method deals with experimentation, and repetition of these experiments to ensure consistency before accumulating data. This data is then evaluated in order to create the basis for facts that will be assimilated to generate scientific knowledge. This knowledge is always subject to criticism and under certain circumstances can be disproved with new theories. These new theories either replace the previously existing theories, or coexist with the old theories. In order for a scientific t...
...Amy J. Derick. “Tattoos and Body Piercings in the United States: A National Data Set.” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 55.3 (2006): 413-421. Print.
Tattoos, Piercing and Body Art HomepageCollection of links, resources, articles, and information on tattoos and bodypiercing. Piercing aftercare...
The relationship between science and reality has more to do with coexistence rather than one idea being superior to the other. I shall first define what each means and then give examplester's of how I arrive a t this coexistence theory. According to Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1 ed., science is defined as follows:
The aim of this study was to determine the needs of geriatric care in older women with breast cancer. It is an epidemiological cross-sectional study by self completed survey that included 60 women with breast cancer treated at a cancer hospital. The variables included were, besides comorbidities present, various parameters sociodemographic and health status characteristics. ............ .The Analysis showed comorbidity in older women with cancer may involve a greater degree their physical and emotional health, affecting their quality of life. It is important to assess the state of physical, functional, social and mental of all women with breast cancer health. The scientific studies show that the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) can
Throughout society, some people think that body piercings and tattoos are dirty, disgusting, irresponsible and trashy. John Leo thinks the cultural crisis can’t really be dealt with by letting loose of our personal obsessions and marking up our bodies. I think body piercings and tattoos is a great way to express independence, religious or cultural reasons. The purpose of this essay is to not really focus on what John Leo thinks about body modification, but to show how body modification is okay to have to express someone 's personality.