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Which of the following was a cause of the boxer rebellion
The ‘Boxer Rebellion’ from the turn of the 20th Century
The ‘Boxer Rebellion’ from the turn of the 20th Century
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As written in the book The Boxer Rebellion and the Great Game in China by David J. Silbey, the author gives an account of the Boxer Rebellion. David J. Silbey, the author gives an account using allied soldier and diplomat’s letters and diaries of the Boxer Rebellion. The Boxer Rebellion is an anti-foreigner movement in China during 1900. The conclusion of this rebellion lead to China having signed the Boxer Protocol in September 1901(Page 225). This treaty entailed the Chinese paying reparations to the United States, Russia, Britain, Germany, France, Japan, Italy, and Austria-Hungary.
Aptly named the Boxer Rebellion, the first question you must ask if who the Boxers are. The Boxers is the name used by western society to call the peasant based group Yi-he Quan, which can be generally translated to “Righteousness Fists of Harmony” or “Boxers United in Righteousness” (Page 35).Very few written documents are composed by the Boxers as they were largely illiterate. As a group they were largely autonomous, with no central leader or a ranking system. The Boxer’s were largely composed ...
The Political Turmoil of China From 1911 to 1927 There were many reasons why China slipped into political instability or turmoil between 1911 and 19287. There reasons include the questionable leadership of Yuan Shih Kai, the presence of the warlords, the One of the reasons was that questionable leadership of Yuan Shih Kai. When Yuan took over control from Sun Yat Sen as the President, he tried to revert to the monarchical system of rule. From 1912 until 1915, he ruled as a military dictator with the support of the army. His rule was already blemished with resistance and that demonstrated that the people did not quite accept him as the leader of China.
In the book, When China Ruled the Seas, Levathes talks about seven voyages made by the Chinese armadas during emperor Zhu Di's reign. Admiral Zheng was in control of many “Treasure ships”. These ships traded silk, porcelain, and many other fine goods. They sailed from India to East Africa, through Korea and Japan, and might have even traveled all the way to Australia. Levathes believes that it could have been very possible for China to have been able to create a great kingdom to rule over one hundred years before the Europeans even explored and expanded, with China's giant navy of about three thousand of these large treasure ships.
One of China’s most popular love comedies, The Story of the Western Wing (Xixiang Ji) by Wang Shifu (1250-1300) dramatizes a scholar-and-beauty romance. Zhang Sheng, a promising student, and Cui Yingying, a beautiful maiden, meet in a temple, fall in love at first sight and after a series of thwarted attempts, they end up happily marrying each other, after the student has passed the civil exam as the top one, of course. Among the five books of The Story of the Western Wing, Book III stands out in the very middle of the whole play with interesting characteristics in terms of both theatrical features and thematic complexity. First of all, while dan and sheng share most of the arias in the other four books, the “small dan” Hongniang takes all the singing parts in this book and by doing so emerges as the major character as the play goes on. Moreover, due to her liminal status as a housemaid, that is, her relative freedom of entering different private spaces as well as tabooed topics, Hongniang’s domination of the stage adds much more complexity to the scholar-beauty love story. Second, Book III is depleted of spectacular scenes, which are considered fundamental to the Chinese theater (so-called “total theater”) and do appear in the other books, such as the ceremony scene in Book I and the roaring bandits in Book II. Instead, what we have here is the three core characters, namely Hongniang, Zhang Sheng and Yingying getting on and off the stage, conjuring, insinuating and conspiring without fully accomplishing any goal yet significantly complicating their interrelationships and respective desires. Hence, instead of appealing to the audience with spectacular staging, Book...
Immigration, the act of coming to live permanently in a foreign country. Throughout the United States’ history, immigrants faced various challenges and especially after 1880. Most immigrants moved to achieve the American dream of having a better life and pursuing their dreams. But, this experience as they moved, was different for every immigrant. Some lives improved while others did not. Immigrants such as Catholics, Italians, and the Chinese were not welcomed into America in the late 19th century and early 20th century because of their differences in beliefs and cultures.
...ilroad and mining companies had depended on cheap Chinese labor for the majority of their profits and were still unwilling to pay higher wages to white American workers. These businesses increasingly depended on Japanese immigrants to replace the prohibited Chinese workers. As the Japanese came, the Americans told the same story that they had with the Chinese. They were once again arguing that the Japanese were taking their jobs and not absorbing the American culture. The United States took action yet again, by creating an informal treaty with Japan, restricting Japanese immigration to the U.S.
The U.S. got a late start in the race for trading rights with China, and with the U.S. now in the Philippines, the race became economically crucial for America. By this time, Great Britain, France, Russia, Germany, and Japan claimed exclusive trading rights with China within their sphere of influence. Some, like Japan, even claimed parts of China as their own. In order to level out the playing field Secretary of State John Hay sent diplomatic dispatches to these nations, urging an Open Door Policy, in which there would be equal trading rights with China. All the dispatches came back to Hay with their corresponding nations endorsing the proposal. However, before the policy was enacted, the Chinese tried to expel the “foreign devils” from their homeland in what was to be called the Boxer Rebellion. This nationalist rebellion was put down by an international police force including 2,500 U.S. troops. These actions of intervention in Latin America and China were part of American imperialism.
It is essential to understand how China, Japan and Korea, were perceived and they themselves perceived in the first Sino-Japanese War. Chinese understanding of Japanese politics and diplomacy was limited to aggression and deceit. After Japanese attack on China, China was successful in grabbing the world-opinion and Japan's use of armed force in China was unjustifiable. Japan, which was initially perceived as the most industrialized countries, changed the Western perception after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5. Japan’s refusal to participate in the Brussels Conference of the Nine Powers annoyed international community. Moreover, being offended by Japan’s claim of China as a Monroe Doctrine for Asia, as America's Monroe Doctrine for Latin America, U.S. claimed Japan’s Monroe doctrine for Asia, unlike American Monroe Doctrine, as a destroyer and invader of China.
Many foreign powers ravaged China in search of wealth, brutally destroying land and violently fighting people. After much of the devastation, the Dynasty was ‘forced’ to acquiesce to the foreign powers (-only after they assured Cixi that her position and power would be held in place). The results of these was called the Boxer Protocol – which would later be considered one of the “Unequal Treaties.” Among the stipulations of the Boxer Protocol, China would have to pay an enormous amount of money, for indemnity, to about 14 countries (in different proportions). Furthermore, foreign powers were given the right to seize and inhabit certain places in China.
Instead of limiting their military power,Japan strengthened it even more when invading Manchuria.When the League became aware of what Japan had done,“...the council dispatched an inquiry commission to China under the leadership of the British diplomat,the Earl of Lytton.”2However, when the League arrived half a year later, destruction had already been made and Japan had set up puppet state of Manchukuo. The league now told Japan to withdraw from this tension and advised China to create peace in the region by not fighting back. China accepted the Leagues commands while Japan ignored them then withdrew from the League. 3 The light force that the League put on Japan and the confidence Japan had to withdraw from the League depicts the weakness of The League of Nations and growing power of
At the end of the Opium War, China was left defeated. While the loss severely undermined the Qing Dynasty's power, little did they know that their loss would have serious repercussions. The emperor signed a treaty with the British that would later be known as one of the “Unequal Treaties” made in China during this period. The treaty in question was named the treaty of Nanjing (also known as the treaty of Nanking). This treaty would have lasting effects even into recent history.
Chiu-sam, Tsang. "The Red Guards and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution." Comparative Education 3, no. 3 (June 1967): 195-205. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3097988.
In China the Open Door policy ended up causing the Boxer Rebellion. In 1900 European armies were sent to suppress the Boxer Rebellion, because of the chaotic circumstances. At this point John Hay made the choice to send out a second circular, included in this circular was a statement from Hay talking about how important it was to maintain China's territorial, and administrative integrity. Even though John was not looking to get a response from the circular, all the powers seemed to be in agreement except for Japan. Later in 1915 broke the Open Door Policy when they presented the Twenty-One Demands to China. Which stated that Japan was going to enjoy the same privileges as the rest of the powers, China was forced to expect on May 25th, because of their involvement in World War I. Soon after in 1921 the Nine Power Treaty was created at the Washington Conference, which restored the privilege After World War II, and the communist taking over China in 1949, during the Chinese civil war foreigners were no longer granted the same privileges which voided the Open Door
The 1911 Revolution kicked out the Qing Dynasty and broke the barriers to different developments in China. However, the 1911 Revolution has only provided a framework of a republic and made changes in some particular aspects related to immediate problems and difficulties in society. Hence, the relationship between the revolution and the subsequent development of China was very weak. On one hand, I do not agree with the latter part of the statement that the 1911 Revolution brought new problems to China. The conflicts and problems that China suffered in the early/ mid 1910s were mainly due to the weakness of the military force, conflicting political organizations and disorder in society. On the other hand, I agree with the first part of the statement that the 1911 Revolution did not bring peace to China afterwards. In the following paragraphs, I am going to focus on explaining the reasons of emerging new problems in China and also illustrate my points on the factors of the 1911 Revolution which could not bring in peace to China related to the conditions of the country.
The Manchurian incident was a turning point in Japanese history in which it abandoned its somewhat general policy of cooperation and peace and instead chose to pursue their personal interests in Asia (S,191). The Japanese interest in China was evident even before its invasion in 1931. In both the Sino Japanese war from 1894 to 1905 as well as the Russo-Japanese War from 1904 to 1905 Japan secured specific locations in Manchuria and other areas in China (U,351). Overall, the consensus for the extensive needs of the empire ultimately drove its policy making until the end of World War 2. To take control of what they believed to be the most mineral rich section of China in which they controlled expansive holdings in such as the South Manchurian Railroad, officers part of the Kwantung Army that were stationed there hatched a plan that would become to be known as the Manchurian Crisis. On September 18th 1931, Japanese soldiers located at the South Manchurian Railroad set off an explosive that they blamed on China (launching both nations into hostile relations for years to come.?? (P,115)) The Japanese invaded Japanese Invaded Chinese controlled Manchuria in 1931 because they wanted to accommodate the rising of the Japanese population, obtain more natural resources, and to stimulate their nearly collapsed economy.
Boxer: Is a cart-horse, who has incredible strength, dedication and loyalty to show the type of character he portrays to be also shown in the quote “an enormous beast, nearly eighteen hands high, and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together”. He is one who can listen to ideas but isn’t able to think of them himself as he just admires other people’s revealed when he commented, “If comrade napoleon says it, it must be”.