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An essay about types of soil
The aim of investigating 3 types of soil
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The bearing capacity of of soil is an important consideration in construction projects. The bearing capacity of soil is the pressure that a soil sample can support without collapsing. Bearing capacity varies with different soils cohesion. Cohesion is the force that holds together molecules and particles inside soil.
Rock is a continuous mass of solid mineral material, such as granite or limestone, that can only be removed by drilling or blasting. Rock is never completely formed of a single large segment, but is crossed by a system of joints that divide it into irregular blocks. Despite these joints, rock is generally considered the strongest and most stable material on which a building can be founded.
Soil is a general term referring to earth material that is particulate. If an individual piece of soil is too large to lift by a singular hand it is considered a boulder. It it takes the whole hand to lift a particle, however, it is a cobble. If a particle can be lifted without difficulty with thumb and forefinger, the soil is classified as gravel. If the individual particles can be viewed but are too small to be picked up individually, the soil is known as sand. Both sand and gravel are coarse grained soils, meaning at least half the material is retained on a Number 200 sieve.
Peat, topsoil and other organic soils are not reliable for the support of building foundations. Due to the high concentration of organic matter, they are spongy and are easily compressed. Their properties can change over time due to changing water content or biological activity in the soil.
Clay soils are usually referred to as very cohesive, as they retain a measurable shear resistance (a materials ability to resist forces that can cause the internal structure of a material to slide against itself), in the absence of confining forces. The ability of a cohesion-less or frictional soil such as sand or silt to support a building depends on the friction between its particles. Sand confined by surrounding soil within the earth can support a heavy building, whereas a conical pile of sand on the surface of the earth can support nothing, because there is little or no shear resistance between the particles.
Beneath every building site lies a number of superimposed layers, also known as strata, of different soils. In ancient times, the actions of natural forces allowed for the deposition of the strata one layer on top of another.
The most economical method for ground improvement is aggregate piers. Before aggregate piers were used, engineers had to replace the weak soil with an engineering fill in order to use shallow foundations, but in some cases (load is very high) they had to use deep foundations, which is much more expensive. By using aggregate piers, we can now use shallow foundations in marginal soil without having to replace it. By using compacted aggregate to create stiff pier element, aggregate piers help to increase the bearing capacity, liquefaction resistance, shear strength, rate of consolidation and it reduces settlement.
Mississippi has a variety of different soils .The three general soils are 1) the river flood plain, known as the Delta, 2) a loess region, or bands of soils formed in windblown material that adjoins the Delta, and 3) Coastal Plain. The Mississippi Delta is better for growing row crop, while the loess and Coastal Plain region are better for animal production and forestry. The loess and Coastal Plain regions are divided based on similar soils, geology, climate, water resources, and land use called Major Land Resource Areas. The Mississippi Delta’s soil comes from sediments left by flooding various rivers in the region, rather than being a typical Delta formed by the mouth of a river. In the Delta most of the land is farmed, with three-fourths of the cropland to the north. Controlling surface water and drainage are major soil management issues. In the Delta soils are naturally diverse because of their alluvial origin. Particle sizes within the sediment decrease as distance from the originating stream increase. Another factor in Delta soil formation us surface water movement over time, because soils that formed under standing water have different properties than soils formed under moving water. Soils with large amounts of clay particles have unique features. When the soil is dry, small round aggregates form at the surface that look like shotgun buckshot, which is where the popular name for Delta clay soils “buckshot” came from. Soils with large clay content have very slow water filtration rates; this has led to significant aquaculture and rice production in the region. When floodwaters receded in the Delta, strong winds blew some of the dry sediment left by flooded river to the adjacent uplands to form the loess areas. Because of eas...
Desert pavements are common landforms in arid regions. They consist of flat or sloping surfaces where stones are closely packed angular or rounded, and generally exhibit low relief (Mabbutt, 1977). Pavements tend to form on both alluvial fan toposequences and on weathering volcanic flow fields in arid regions. Soils are often found under desert pavements and they play an important role in the evolution of pavements (McFadden et. al., 1987). In the past there have been several theories as to the formation pavements and soil development beneath them. Deflation, or the erosion of finer grained particles from a surface, stone concentration by wash erosion and upward displacement of stone due to shrink and swell clay characteristics were at one time believed to be the main factors in the formation of desert pavements (Mabbutt, 1977). However, more recent research has shown that desert pavements are born and maintained at the surface, and that the soil below them is mainly eolian in origin. Slow accretion of eolian dust below the pavement is a process that eventually develops cumulate horizons. Eolian dust in environments where pavements often develop is rich in carbonate salts and clays due to the fact it often originates from nearby playa lake evaporate basins (McFadden et. al., 1987). Soils that form below the pavements over time develop calcic horizons and clay rich structure due to the influx of these eolian fines through the pavement surface. In turn the development of mature or plugged calcic horizons effects the form of the pavement surface because it alters the water drainage infiltration rate and causes pavements to decline.
This soil is geographically associated with Atsion, Berryland, and Downer soils that were discussed above. Galloway series soils have a taxonomy class of mesic which is the lower level of soil taxonomy temperature scale. The distribution of the soil is through New Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware, Maryland, and Delaware. The vegetation developed with the galloway soils are wooded areas that are heavily dominated by mixed oaks, sweetgum, red maple, pond pine, and loblolly pine. Major uses of the Galloway soils are cultivated crops that consist of corn, soybeans, hay, and truck crops. Loamy soil loses the quality of nutrients when it is strictly compacted because it depletes the organic matter, dispersing clay throughout the now compacted soil. Usually loamy soil can be found useful in farms and is used for its crumbly and soft conditions. Another way loamy soil can be used is for the construction of building homes. The development using this soil would be post and beam construction layering the soil within the walls to control humidity and air
Dense to very dense natural and compacted foundation soils had settled a maximum of 4inches or four-tenths of a percent of the wall height. By the comparison of the
Moisture from rain and the elements are retained at the bottom of your home, causing dirt, mulch, and mud to splash on the foundation. Not
Soil liquefaction describes a phenomenon whereby a saturated or partially saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress, usually earthquake shaking or other sudden change in stress condition, causing it to behave like a liquid. The phenomenon is most often observed in saturated, loose (low density), sandy soils. This is because the loose sand has a tendency to compress when a load is applied; dense sands by contrast tend to expand in volume. If the soil is saturated by water, then water fills the gaps between soil grains. In response to the soil compressing, this water increases in pressure and attempts to flow out from the soil to zones of low pressure (usually upward towards the ground surface). However, if the loading is rapidly applied and large enough, or is repeated many times (e.g. earthquake shaking, storm wave loading) such that it does not flow out in time before the next cycle of load is applied, the water pressures may build to an extent where they exceed the contact stresses between the grains of soil that keep them in contact with each other. These contacts between grains are the means by which the weight from buildings and overlying soil layers are transferred from the ground surface to layers of soil or rock at greater depths. This loss of soil structure causes it to lose all of its strength. According to the
Compaction is a densification of the soil which reduces its biological activity, permeability, porosity, and water holding capacity, while at the same time increasing the risk of erosion due to accelerated run-off (13). While some soils are naturally compacted, mechanical pressure (i.e. heavy machinery) can compact soil (13). Erosion is a natural process which is actually essential in the soil formation process, but human activities have accelerated it (7). During erosion soil particles of the fertile topsoil are removed either by wind or water (i.e. runoff), this process is irreversible and can lead to the reduction of soil productivity (7).
Handmaid’s Tale. Atwood seems to be focusing on the oppression of women, throughout the 60s a feminist trend occurred within the United States and many movements began such as the Women’s’ Liberation Movement, the Nation Organization for Women (NOW) and the National Women’s Political Caucus. All of these events created a feminist atmosphere around the time of the Handmaid’s tale Publishing. The actually possibility of this ever occurring is very low. There are many amendments and laws protecting women’s rights and also in the contemporary society many would find it immoral which would lead to rebellions and militant actions.
Stone plays important role in construction industry because of its tough, durable characteristics. Stone products used in industry as building material and in many other applications are majorly natural stone products and artificial stone products. Marble and granite are two principle natural products of stone. Marble is an important branch of natural products. The word Marble is derived from the Greek word marron which means, "crystalline rock, shining stone"
Load bearing walls are those exposed to the external environment on at least one side.
Stone, one of the most common building material of ancient times, is an ubiquitous material. A sustainable growth in the consumption of stone is observed all over the world in the recent years. Various types of stone such as-granite, kota stone, marble, limestone, slate etc. are used in construction purposes. Marble/granite/kota stone has been commonly used as a building material since the ancient times.
Gardeners use dried peat moss usually as a soil conditioner or as an ingredient in potting the soil. It is slightly acidic with a pH Level of 4.0, thus, acid loving plants benefit greatly from it, such as blueberries and camellias. Dried peat moss (Sphagnum) is the partially decomposed remains of plants, most commonly sphagnum moss. It forms over many millennia in bogs, marshes, and swamps also known as peat lands or peat bogs and it often gains less than a millimeter in depth every year. However, unlike compost, peat moss forms in the absence of air. Thus, this slows the decomposition process and creates a homogeneous material that is highly absorbent of water, which makes it very useful in the garden as a soil builder and a seed starter.
... although we may never be able to understand exactly what soil failures can occur when a natural disasters take place, as time goes on and testing instruments and materials advance we will hopefully have a better understanding of what we can do to avoid soil failures and come up with a better and more sufficient method of improving the soils structure and strength permanently. While researching the information for this report I feel I have a much better understanding for construction geo-technics and foundations especially regarding the deformation, liquefaction and pile information related to this specific event. I hope to carry the information I have learned from this event into the construction field and apply them towards an authentic project that’s taking place and know that the information, regarding soils, I have given input on will be precise and accurate.
Soil is the most important non-renewable resource on any farm. Healthy soil is key to a good