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Essays on security sector reform
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Security Sector Reform (SSR) is a concept that first emerged in the nineteen-nineties in Eastern Europe. Though there is no single globally accepted definition, SSR generally refers to a process to reform or rebuild a state's security sector. Basically the security is needed because countries in transitional position, post-conflict situations, and sometimes developed countries need protection from dictators, radicals, and dangerous criminals that would take advantage of the country. Established countries such as America, England, and France do not have to worry about needing extra security help as much as countries like Liberia, Turkey, Nigeria etcetera. The transition situations tend to need it the most due to civilians being angered and/or rebellious, for example North and South Korea.
I believe that the best way to reform the security sector within societies is to look to the super powers of the world. As you look at the history of the bigger countries and how they overcame certain obstacles countries with the same problems should learn from their mistakes. As the main library at the University states, “Those who are unaware of history are destined to repeat it.” George Santayana. For reference think of when Britain tried to force their army into the American Colonies to assure that things were being done to the kings pleasure. The same could be said for many countries that are trying to gain independence but are being heavily influenced by other countries surrounding them. To answer the question of how to integrate security reforms into societies is to ask for help and try not to repeat the past.
North Korea and South Korea are complete opposites but both need security reforms to make the country better. North Korea is known...
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Park, Jacky. "Why North Korea Still Needs U.S. Security Guarantees before
Proceeding with Major Reforms." International Affairs Review. George
Washington University's Elliot School of International Affairs in
Washington D.C., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2013.
436http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/436>.
Moore, Michael. "North Korea Quotes." Brainy Quote. Brainy Quot, n.d. Web. 16
Dec. 2013. north_korea.htmlhttp://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/north_korea.html>. Obama, Barack Notable Quots. Notable, 31 May 2004. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.
politics_quotes.htmlhttp://www.notable-quotes.com/p/politics_quotes.html
Waldron, Arthur. "A Korean Solution?." Commentary. 01 Jun. 2005: 62. eLibrary. Web. 16 Dec. 2013
Merlingen, Michael. European security and defense policy: an implementation perspective, (2008). New York: Routledge publishers.
... the need of government to act whenever an issue threatens national security. Mechanisms should be put in place to ascertain the extent of the threat, and the acceptable measures of dealing with it.
North Korea Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. The Web. The Web. 02 Apr. 2014.
China and North Korea are strong supporting allies; they are trading partners. The Chinese back the North Koreans in the Korean War (1950-1953). North Korea is traders’ of fuel, food and arms with China. The Chinese’s’ helps the North Korean political leaders’ example; Kim Jung-un’s, with offering him diplomatic protection against other powers. The North Korean’s were the main supporters of Kim Jung-un’s regime; the Chinese in the past had opposed to harsh international sanction on North Korea, and they wanted North Korean’s to collapse; that their influx refuges would share the eight hundred-mile border. Unfortunately after the nuclear test from Pyongyang’s in February 2013 launched, the China was more skeptical about North Korean’s. The nuclear testing in North Korean’s had Beijing threatened. The first nuclear test had launched in 2006; another in 2009 and this has destroyed the North Korean’s relationship with Beijing, as they were apart of the Six Party Talks. The nuclear test was the main concerned to China and Beijing; they aimed to denuclearizing the North Koreans nuclear test. In 2013 the people executed Kim Jong-un’s uncle and close advisor; this had destroyed the relationship with Beijing; which has helped the Chinese relationship with Beijing. China has maintained the peace between the six-nations, and served North Korea economically, politically and has denuclearizing the nuclear program in North Korea.
America and South Korea have different stands on the way they should handle the issues arising in North Korea.
Steinberg, David I., and Donald N. Clark. "Review of The Kwangju Uprising: Shadows over the Regime in South Korea." The Journal of Asian Studies 47.3 (1988): 662-63. Print.
As countries in today’s world are becoming more globalized, one country, North Korea, has stayed and moved in the complete opposite direction since it was divided in 1948. North Korea, described by many as a totalitarian Stalinist dictatorship, but is officially deemed as a “socialist republic” state, is one of five remaining communist states and one of only two remaining countries that have an almost entirely government planned, state-owned economy.
‘It is clear that the private security industry has experienced substantial growth, particularly if one compares the size of the industry in 1950 with that in 1995. In 1950 there were a dozen or so companies involved in the provision of security services and products; now there are thousands, in what could be described as a multi-billion industry (George and Button : 30).’ Policing is now being widely offered by institutions other than the state, most importantly by private companies on a commercial basis and by communities on a volunteer basis (Bayley and Shearing, 1996).’ According to South, Jones and Newburn, private security industry in Britain has grown from the post war years from a few specialised firms catering for the rich folk to a multi-billion pound industry (South, 1988; Jones and Newburn1998). Johnston echoes the fact that there has been a significant increase in private forms of policing over the years in South Africa and many countries including Western democracies and other societies in Eastern Europe, Latin America and Africa (Johnston, 1992).
There is a lot of chaos in the world today; people getting executed and terrorists bombings all around the world. One of the most talked-about conflict is the saber-rattling between North Korea and South Korea. This tension has been going since 1950, where it began after World War II. Before World War II, the separate Nations formed one country; however, because of the invasion of the Soviet Union to the north and that United States to the South, the country ended up splitting into two different societies. This caused division between families and other forms of groups. In addition, there were negative and positive influences in both countries from their Allied Nations.
There are numerous national security interests with respect to North Korea. The two most important national security interests, their intensities, and the challenges around them are discussed in this paper. North Korea’s nuclear weapons program has become a credible threat to the national security of the United States.
Since its origin in 1948, North Korea has been isolated and heavily armed, with hostile relations with South Korea and Western countries. It has developed a capability to produce short- and medium-range missiles, chemical weapons, and possibly biological and nuclear weapons. In December 2002, Pyongyang lifted the freeze on its plutonium-based nuclear weapons program and expelled IAEA inspectors who had been monitoring the freeze under the Agreed Framework of October 1994. As the Bush administration was arguing its case at the United Nations for disarming Iraq, the world has been hit with alarming news of a more menacing threat: North Korea has an advanced nuclear weapons program that, U.S. officials believe, has already produced one or two nuclear bombs. As the most recent standoff with North Korea over nuclear missile-testing approaches the decompression point, the United States needs to own up to a central truth: The region of Northeast Asia will never be fully secure until the communist dictatorship of North Korea passes from the scene. After threatening to test a new, long-range missile, Pyongyang says it is willing to negotiate with "the hostile nations" opposing it. But whether the North will actually forgo its test launch is anyone's guess. North Korea first became embroiled with nuclear politics during the Korean War. Although nuclear weapons were never used in Korea, American political leaders and military commanders threatened to use nuclear weapons to end the Korean War on terms favorable to the United States. In 1958, the United States deployed nuclear weapons to South Korea for the first time, and the weapons remained there until President George Bush ordered their withdrawal in 1991. North Korean government stateme...
... is difficult to determine how different issues come to be seen as security challenges. The use of the securitisation process as a theoretical tool to analyse drugs and asylum seekers as a threat shows that certain speech acts elevate transnational issues into high politics. The analysis also shows that issues can be securitised regardless of their validity transnational security challenges. Furthermore, it can be argued that securitisation is counterproductive for solving particular transnational issues. Militarisation as a result of securitisation can often result in increased regional tensions. The broadening of the security agenda can unfortunately result in encompassing all transnational issues. It is important to seriously consider the validity of a perceived security threat before describing the issue as a transnational security challenge.
However, more of the countries’ differences lie in the culture and religions that are the main causes of conflict. In terms of culture, North Korea expresses more of a traditional outlook on life and their political culture involves conforming to the Supreme Leader of the DPRK. In South Korea, there is more openness to opinions, as it is a democracy. In everyday life, South Korea resembles an East Asian country that has democratic views just like the United States. People are less isolated and constrained in South Korea opposed to its Northern counterpart. In a BBC research, journalists have witnessed only some of the key differences between the two countries, due to the DPRK’s extreme isolation from the rest of the world. Some of these examples include how students in North Korea did not know who human rights activist Nelson Mandela was. However when asked which world leaders other than the DPRK leader they admired, they replied “Stalin and Mao Zedong!” (BBC). This shows how students in the current day are still isolated and brainwashed to believe that totalitarianism is a system that should be admired. Also, North Korea’s respect for the Great Leader is immense; even though Kim Sung-il died, North Koreans believe that he is
To understand this situation more fully, one must be given some background, starting in the early 1950s. Due to the harsh differences between the peoples of Korea, and especially due to the onset of Communism, the Korean War erupted and the nation split in half, with the Communist-supported Democratic People’s Republic in the north and those who favored democracy in the Korean Republic of the south (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000). The two separate countries of North Korea and South Korea went their opposite ways, and each has experienced different fortunes in the past half-century. The South Koreans managed to recover from the turmoil of the 1950s and 1960s to become an economic power and a democracy supporter. On the other hand, North Korea can be viewed as a retro country, based first on a Communist ideology, laid down by leader Kim Il Sung and inherited by his son, the current dictator Kim Jong Il, then evolving into a totalitarian state (Pacific Rim: East Asia at the Dawn of a New Century). Today North Korea holds the distinction of being one of the very few remaining countries to be truly cut off from the rest of the world. Author Helie Lee describes this in her novel In the Absence of Sun: “An eerie fear crawled through my flesh as I stood on the Chinese side of the Yalu River, gazing across the murky water into one of the most closed-off and isolated countries in the world.” (1)
...tion, diplomatic agreements, and public policies. The traditional security paradigm refers to the realist construction of security, where the main actor is the state. This paradigm is based on the idea that international stability is maintained when state security is maintained. It also relies on the anarchist balance of power, a military build up, and the absolute sovereignty of the nation-state. The construction of the IR state as sovereign gives it a monopoly of legitimate violence, which appropriates security to a militarized defense of the state and its interests (Pettman). Individuals participate in war because they are part of the system and the underlying cause for war is the international system because there is nothing (no overarching security mechanism) to prevent them. Man is seen as the natural aggressor in war, and the wider definitions of violence and