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Terrorism against the United States has been a security issue that forced the government to establish the Department of Homeland Security in 2002, which is tasked with spearheading counter terrorism measures. American has experienced terror attacks on its home soil and against its foreign interests, making terrorism the biggest threat that is facing the country in the twenty first century. It is evident that even small terror groups can access weapons that can inflict catastrophic damage against the United States. Terrorism has extensive adverse effects against the country ranging from economic, social, and political to psychological effects. Based on these effects, more attention has been focused on preventing and disrupting terror attacks, but less attention has been directed towards understanding motivations behind terrorism. America’s interventionist foreign policy has been cited by various government agencies including Pentagon’s Defense Board as the main motivation why terrorists view America has an enemy. America can prevent terrorism by exercising restrain in its foreign policy, which will in turn mitigate the adverse effects of terrorism. International and foreign policy consultants produced additional sources used in the paper. Considering America’s global position, it is called upon to intervene in international conflicts and humanitarian situations; therefore, limiting its involvement in these situations will play a big role in preventing terrorism and its effects.
Keywords: Department of Homeland Security, interventionist foreign policy, adverse effects, foreign policy, humanitarian situations, and international conflict.
Table of contents
Table of Contents
Introduction 5
Methodology 6
Impacts of terrorism 6
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Bradley, C. A. (2010). Clear Statement Rules and Executive War Powers. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 33(1) 139-148.
Choy, S. (2011).Does U.S. Military Intervention Reduce or Increase Terrorism? APSA 2011 Annual Meeting Paper
Egerton, F. (2009). A Case for a Critical Approach to Terrorism. European Political Science, 8 (1), 57-67.
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Stankiewicz, W. (2005). International Terrorism at Sea as a Menace to the Civilization of the 21st Century. The American Behavioral Scientist, 48 (2), 683-699.
Michael Walzer is an esteemed retired professor from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Walzer has written many books, essays, and articles. His essay, Excusing Terror, is one that best relates to the current events happening around the world. In this essay, Walzer talks about different reasons that people would want to resort to terrorism. In this essay I will argue Walzers view on Terrorism is correct in that terrorism is wrong because it is akin to murder, it is random in who it targets, and no one has immunity. I will also offer an objection to Walzer’s theory and explain why it is not a valid one.
Jeffrey David Simon, The Terrorist Trap: America's Experience with Terrorism, 2nd ed. (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2001), 188-89.
The attacks that occurred on 9/11 took place on September 11th, 2001. In this devastating event, four different attacks had taken place. Each of the attacks were carried out by terrorists. The group responsible for the attack was Al-Qaeda, a militant Islamist organization that is known to be global in present day. The group itself has a network consisting of a Sunni Muslim movement that aims to make global Jihad happen. Furthermore, a stateless, multinational army that is ready to move at any given time. This terrorist group focuses on attacking non-Sunni Muslims, those who are not Muslim, and individuals who the group deems to be kafir. Ever since the late 1980s, Al-Qaeda has been wreaking havoc all around the world. The leader of the group once being Osama bin Laden. Three planes were bound for New York City while another plane headed towards Washington, D.C. which was supposed to take out the U.S. Capitol. Two of the airplanes crashed into the World Trade Center. One plane hitting the North Tower and the other hitting the South Tower. The third plane had crashed into the Pentagon taking out the western side of the building. The last and final plane was focused solely on taking out the U.S. Capitol in Washington D.C. but failed due to passengers of the plane coming hijacking it from the hijackers. The passengers attempted to take out the hijackers but sadly failed, crashing it into a field in Pennsylvania. Throughout the content of this paper, we will be focusing on the role of media when it comes to 9/11; more specifically: how the media's coverage of 9/11 manipulated our feelings towards 9/11, how it affected Islamophobia in America, and the lasting effects of 9/11.
On September 11, 2001, many people’s lives were changed. Not only Americans, but Muslims and Islamist alike, were affected. (A Nation Challenged 80). Family members and friends were lost, lives were taken away, and New York City was torn to pieces. Two planes hit the Twin Towers, otherwise known as the World Trade Center. One plane was flown into the Pentagon located in Virginia. One last plane was flown into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after being taken over by the passengers. The nineteen men who hijacked these planes were from the Islamist militant group known as al-Qaeda. (The 9/11 Commission Report). An editorial in the New York Times said, “It was one of those moments in which history splits, and we define the world as ‘before’ and ‘after’.”
Historical Significance: The September 11th, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, orchestrated by Al-Qaeda and Bin Laden, were the events that launched the U.S. War on Terrorism. Al-Qaeda’s attack on the United States was carried out by members of radicalized Islamic groups, whose objective was to spread jihad against the secular influence of the West. This tragic event provided the historical b...
Kash, Douglas A. “An International Legislative Approach to 21st-Century Terrorism.” The Future of Terrorism: Violence in the New Millennium. Ed. Harvey W. Kushner. London: Sage Publications, 1998.
The true path to the deadliest attack on American soil was relatively unknown until Richard Clarke gave his public testimony in front of the 9/11 Commission. In his memoir, Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror, Clarke gives readers an inside look at what exactly led up to the 9/11 attacks and how he tried to bring light to the threat long before Al Qaeda’s plan came to fruition. This page-turner is very thoughtful and disturbing, as well as highly critical of the Bush administration. Ultimately, Clarke tells the tale of an ignorant government which refused to heed the warnings he gave at every level. Richard Clarke is the most informed insider pertaining to the terrorism threat which grew to culminate on the World Trade Center.
Traister, Bryce. "Terrorism Before The Letter: Benito Cereno And The 9/11 Commission Report." Canadian Review Of American Studies 43.1 (2013): 23-47.MasterFILE Elite. Web. 18 Apr. 2014.
In the compelling 2006 comedy-drama film "Little Miss Sunshine", directors Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris skillfully navigate the dysfunctional dynamics of the Hoover family during a road trip that transforms them. As the Hoovers embark on a journey to attend Olive's beauty pageant in Redondo Beach, California, the film unveils a poignant narrative of growth and unity, culminating in a satisfying resolution by its conclusion. In the film, Olive's unique pageant performance emerges as a symbol of individuality and defiance, empowered by her family's unconditional support. Her performance highlights the profound impact of a nurturing family environment where Olive gains the confidence to freely express herself and challenge norms. Ultimately,
Herman, E. & Sullivan, G. O.1989. The Terrorism Industry: The Experts and Institutions That Shape Our View of Terror. New York: Pantheon.
“Terrorism involves the use of violence by an organization other than a national government to cause intimidation or fear among a target audience;” at least, this is how Pape (2003) defines terrorism in his article “The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism” (343). The goal of this article by Pape is to discuss suicide terrorism and how it “follows a strategic logic, one specifically designed to coerce modern liberal democracies to make significant territorial concessions” (343). Similar to Pape, Bloom (2004) and Horowitz (2010) also delve into the exponential increase of suicide terrorism and why it occurs. Although Pape, Bloom, and Horowitz concur that suicide terrorism is increasing, they disagree why it is so prominent. While the arguments presented from each of these researchers is powerful and certainly plausible, suicide terrorism is in fact not irrational, but strategic and is most often caused by state occupation and, when organized, aimed specifically at democracies.
The threat of global terrorism continues to rise with the total number of deaths reaching 32,685 in 2015, which is an 80 percent increase from 2014 (Global Index). With this said, terrorism remains a growing, and violent phenomenon that has dominated global debates. However, ‘terrorism’ remains a highly contested term; there is no global agreement on exactly what constitutes a terror act. An even more contested concept is whether to broaden the scope of terrorism to include non-state and state actors.
Jeremy Firestone & James Corbett, Combating Terrorism in the Environmental Trenches: Responding to Terrorism: Maritime Transportation: A Third Way for Port and Environmental Security.
8) ?After the Attack?The War on Terrorism? (2001). Online at: <http://www.monthlyreview.org/1101edit.htm>, consulted on March 29th, 2004.
On September 11, 2001, the destruction of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon changed the mindset and the opinion of nearly every American on the one of the most vital issues in the 21st century: terrorism (Hoffman 2). Before one can begin to analyze how the United States should combat such a perverse method of political change, one must first begin to understand what terrorism is, where it is derived from, and why there is terrorism. These issues are essential in America’s analysis of this phenomenon that has revolutionized its foreign policy and changed America’s stance in the world.