Chapter Two
A Review of Theory
2.1 Chapter Overview
This chapter critically analyses past research and serves as an overall understanding of the current research on Tendering process, Requirements Elicitation and Gamification. It covers review of tendering, e-tendering and existing e-tendering systems, as well as an insight in requirements elicitation process, capturing and analysis of requirements, a wide variety of techniques and approaches, methodology based requirements elicitation and types of available tool support for this process. The review of the Gamification industry is directed to gain insights into the power of motivation and engagement acquired from gamification principles.
2.2 Tendering process
2.2.1 The construction process in general
According to Nordstrand, the construction process starts with the statement of a desire and ends with usage of the finished product, and in between there are a consistent number of different phases, see Figure 2.1.
Once the need has been determined, the actual design starts concordantly with the procurement. The design phase aims to generate technical specifications and drawing needed, whereas procurement refers to the purchase of the work (Nordstrand, 2008).
Figure 2.1: The construction process in general. Adapted from (Nordstrand, 2008)
2.2.3 Traditional Tendering
Tendering is a process commonly used in awarding contracts. The basic components in the process are performed in sequential order as shown in Figure 2.2. The components are: pre-qualification and registration, public invitation to tender, tender preparation and submission, close or open of tender, tender evaluation, award of tender, and archivin...
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...ngths and areas on the screen image.
2.2.5.4 iSpec CAPEX iSpec manages the entire tendering process including:
• ::Tender Preparation
:: Tender Publication
:: Q & A and vendor submissions
:: Tender Evaluation
:: Negotiation and Awarding
:: Contract Management
:: Delivery Tracking
:: Performance Tracking
To conclude, many electronic tendering systems have already been developed and are currently in use, supporting the tender/bid process in the construction industry. Functionalities provided by the systems examined vary from system to system and include:
• Electronic search of ongoing or assigned tenders
• Tender document download
• Search for partners in the system database
• E-mail exchange between primes, subcontractors and suppliers
• Automatic search of new tenders based on defined user profile and user notification
• Electronic creation and submission of bids.
Based on the textbook and my understanding, whenever there are negotiations between a procurer and a supplier regarding a competitive bidding, the first thing that might be favored is the scope of the project, meaning both will sit down and discuss the entire project prior the work begins. Meanwhile, during the negotiations, evaluation criteria should be clear, and stated and defined. As the evaluation is based on the criteria stated and the procurer can request or ask the supplier’s opinions on certain specifications and where things can be improved.
As the United States economy struggles through a sluggish time with the stock market dropping and unemployment rising, being competitive in the job market has become extremely important among professionals. Engineers are no exception. For most engineering firms, being competitive and successful requires obtaining design projects offered by companies in other fields. These projects can range from designing heating and ventilation systems for office buildings to water systems for cities to computer networks for businesses—the list of possibilities and disciplines is extensive. To get these jobs, engineers must make a bid proposal for the project. Bidding involves estimating the entire cost of the project, including the designing and building processes, as well as the materials and labor. Usually, the company with the lowest bid and the best plan gets the job. The ethical issue in this process is determining the cheapest building materials and construction procedures possible without compromising public safety.
Focus shall be on utilizing pre-production tools while developing the prototypes. Actual material, wherever possible, shall be used in the development of prototypes rather than having substituted parts. Make the prototypes as closer as possible to actual outputs.
The first definition in the Oxford English Dictionary defines tender as "to offer or advance (a plea, issue, averment; evidence, etc.) in due and formal terms; spec. to offer (money, etc.). in discharge of debt or liability" (def. 1). The adage of the adage.
Ex, the process of preparing a business case has been added during the selection, design and development phase.
Tuckman maintains that during the forming stage individuals are compelled by a need for approval and avoiding conflict and controversy. They are discovering information about each other, the scope of the project, and the approach they will use. (University of Washington, 2013) For the most part I found this to be true. For us the forming stage lasted until December.
The design and build procurement method appeals to the clients because it gives a single point of responsibility for building the entire project. However, this method is only appropriate for simple project where design quality is not the main priority. (Designing Buildings Wiki, 2014) The diagram below shows the Design and Bid route.
As a consultant, there are processes that vary in the number of steps, however for the purposes of this paper the following steps will be addressed; initial contact, decision to work together, preliminary analysis, formal proposal, project charter, in-depth analysis, implementation, delivery, and follow up (Frankl, 2014, p. 3).
First, the designs are completed before tender and tender can provide good time and cost control. Also, the tenderer can receive complete information and design and they can bid on the same basis, so the competition is fair. Moreover, this is design-led and the client can change the design ability, so the level of functionality and quality will be increased in the overall design. And then, it is relatively easy to arrange and manage if the design will be changed because of the client’s needs and technology. Also, traditional paths are a tried and tested route, so it is well established and the market is very familiar with.
Fleming (2003) posited that there is a clear and important distinction that should be made that delineates the work of the project from the inside work of the company. This work is delineated by the “make work” and the “buy work” of the project. With this delineation comes different way in which legal aspects will be applicable to the project. With “make work” the amount of details required in the statement of work (SOW) is significantly less than that of the “buy work” (Fleming, 2003). Fleming (2003) stated that the tolerance for error is significantly and self-correcting when dealing with “make work” that is kept in house. Conversely, when dealing with “buy work” the SOW should list the entire scope of work in detail. Fleming (2003) posited that when dealing with “buy work” a company should know the full scope of work; furthermore, a company should be able to describe any requirements in detail to the seller. When writing a SOW for “buy work” the buyer should write the...
1. After the concept development takes place, it goes to the Chief Plate Engineer for the design approval. Here at the stage the engineer community gives its recommendations and...
Client(s) may be in the first stage of our design thinking sequences (Archer, 1984, p. 67), and then the designer job is to explore what is the problem, what do we want, what do they need: to produce a design to meet the requirements. The initial design problem presented to the designer may be poorly and incompletely described (McDonnell, 1997, p. 45...
Step 5, acquisition and analysis of proposals: after having all the information from the relevant suppliers, the organization should analyse the information according to their criteria and standard.
...he organization. The output of the design group’s efforts is detailed drawing and other specifications, which assist the succeeding groups for effective usage of the raw materials into a finished product. This information is also important for the product
E-procurement assessment is complex in nature and its performance evaluation should be based on its complex and numerous goals; to streamline expenditure, to decrease administrative bottlenecks and costs, to promote operational efficiency (Croom, 2000), to strengthen organizations’ network vision and technological collaboration with business partners (Murray, 2001) and to completely automate certain procurement activities (Smith and Flanegin, 2004; Aisbett et al.,