LITERATURE REVIEW
TASMANIAN DEVILS
In short, digestion is the process where food is broken down and then absorbed by the body. The digestive system is extremely important as it is the main factor in how much of a foods nutrients are utilized. The process of digestion is essential for the body as it is the body's source for energy.
Tasmanian devils are carnivores, meaning they strictly feed off meat. The main differences that distinguishes a carnivores digestive system with other mammals include the requirement of a diet high in protein and a simple digestive system. This simple digestive system is a result of the animal only consuming protein and not plants, which is more complicated to digest. A main feature characterizing the carnivores
…show more content…
digestive system is the long small intestine and the very small, if at all, caecum (see figure 1). As all carnivores, the Tasmanian devil obtains food by eating deceased animals. Using their sharp set of canines and extremely strong jaw, the Tasmanian devil has the ability to procure and machinate tough prey, tear meat from caracasses, and crush bones with their molars. The food, once consumed, is broken down physically through chewing and acidicly through saliva. It then travels down the esophagus into the stomach. Here the food churns and dissolves, starting to break down. The food travels into the small intestine and, unlike herbivores, it is here where most nutrients are then absorbed. The food is then moved into the small ceacum and here, fermentation occurs continuing into the colon or large intestine where water and electrolyte absorption takes place. What is left is then excreted. This process is very fast, due to the very short digestive tract. Carnivores are highly distinguished from nearly all omnivores and herbivores. The Tasmanian devil, a carnivore, has a highly simplistic gastrointestinal tract from the other’s, due to the high digestible of their foods. Tasmanian devils have a simple digestive system and their diet is based upon their unique structures.
Their main source of food is from feeding upon carcasses of dead animals, such as roadkill, but they are also able to hunt their prey. Their powerful jaws are the main structure that gives them the ability to survive off carrion (animals that have already died), which is the majority of their diet. These jaws allow the tasmanian devil to devour their food entirely. They are able to consume every part of the animal - including fur, organs and bones. Devils have such strong jaws that they can even bite through metal traps and have the capability to opening 75-80 degrees. They generally have no specific preference for their diet and eat a range of animals, as they are strictly carnivorous, surviving off birds, wallabies, and small mammals. Tasmanian devils eat on average 15% of their body weight in food each day. But, because of their fast digestion system, they would be able to eat up to 40% of their body weight in just 30 …show more content…
minutes. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN MAMMALS Each mammal’s diet is reliant on their unique digestive system. Carnivores, herbivores and omnivores each have specific diet requirements. In carnivores, meat is easily digested and the gastric system is generally simple. They only have one stomach and strong teeth to help break down the meat further, ensuring maximum surface area for digestion by enzymes in the body. Carnivores do not have digestive enzymes in their saliva and due to this, food spends little time in the mouth as it needs to get to the stomach to start to break down through chemical digestion. The teeth of carnivores are used to tear flesh from bone, whilst herbivores teeth are used to grab,grind and mash. Herbivores consume only plant materials, which is hard to digest and requires particular structures. Due to the fact that vertebrates are unequipped of generating enzymes that can break down cellulose and the high levels of fibre content that they take in, a longer digestive tract is needed to help with the difficult digestion. As seen in figure 2, a herbivores small intestine is much longer and more complicated as the digestive and herbivores have developed a symbiotic relationship with the population of microflora that are in a region of the gut for fermentation. The microflora in the gut is able to breakdown cellulose and use glucose for its metabolic requirements. Fermentation is the production of the fatty acids released as a waste product from the microflora. Omnivores, such as humans, have a digestive system that has been developed to consume both meats and plants, allowing us to eat a range of foods. Chemical and mechanical digestion are both used to digest food and are important in the breakdown of food. Physical, or mechanical, digestion refers to the breakdown of food starting from the minute the food enters the mouth and teeth start to break down the food. The purpose of chewing and breaking apart of the food into smaller pieces does not make any chemical changes and is a vital step in the digestive system. Mechanical digestion occurs in the mouth and in the stomach where the food is churned and moved around. The aim and importance of physical digestion is to allow the food to pass through the digestive system more easily and increase the surface area of the particles so that it can be acted on by enzymes. Chemical digestion is different as it involves using digestive enzymes to break down large or complex food molecules using chemical reactions. The enzymes are used to carry out chemical digestion in the saliva in the mouth, throughout the stomach acids and in the small intestine. Examples include enzymes breaking down starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine and breaking down protein and converting it into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine. Physical and chemical digestion play important roles and work together to break down food particles, allowing them to be absorbed into the bloodstream. In mammalian digestion specifically, both physical and chemical digestion are essential. Through these, food is able to be transformed into a form that can be used by the cells, enabling nutrients to be transported around the body through the blood. Physical and chemical digestion help to separate what the body needs to keep, and allows waste products to be excreted. Certain structures in in the digestive system produce chemicals such as enzymes and acids which break down the nutrients into simple forms, allowing absorption through the intestinal wall and from there, into the bloodstream. Mechanical digestion plays a crucial role in allowing chemical digestion to occur. They each rely on each other and together digestion is able to occur. There is a natural equilibrium existing in a mammals body that holds for both mechanical and chemical digestion. The enzymes necessary for proper digestion are also in equilibrium. All the organs of the digestive system necessary to produce these enzymes all must work in harmony to accomplish digestion. The amount of time required to process food through chemical and mechanical digestion varies by the individual, but in adult humans the process ranges from 24-72 hours, with the average being 36. After this process of physical and chemical digestion is or, the nutrients must be absorbed into the appropriate part of the body. The process of assimilation refers to the absorption of nutrients after digestion and the transportation of them around the body. These nutrients are later used to help develop new cells, for growth and for repair. After food is digested, parts like protein and carbohydrates are broken down and following this, the nutrients are then assimilated, or absorbed, into the body occuring in the small intestine. The small intestine contains microvilli where epithelial cells carry nutrients from the intestine and pump into the bloodstream. For example, carbohydrates are first broken down into separate sugars and the microvilli takes the sugar from the small intestine to the epithelial cells and from there, into the bloodstream. Assimilation is the movement of digested food molecules being brought into the cells of the body where they are needed, providing energy and proteins. Further examples of this occur in the liver, where glucose is converting into glycogen (a carbohydrate used for storage) and amino acids into protein. The uptake of nutrients in the tissues and cells of the body build up into a more complex substance and assimilation is taken out. The overall distribution and use of digested food leads to creating products as an energy source or into protoplasm required for growth and repair of worn out parts. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or acid reflux, is a chronic disease that occurs when stomach acid flows into the food pipe and irritates the lining.
The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes and does not function properly, allowing the stomach contents/acids to escape and plash up back into the esophagus. The esophagus is designed to close off, forcing food and liquids to remain in the stomach after they get there, but this medical disorder stops this process (seen in figure 3) and severely affects the digestive system. The disease progresses from a weak lower esophageal sphincter, prone to allowing harmful gastric fluid to reflux back up the individuals esophagus. Symptoms include burning pain the chest after eating, heartburn, difficulty swallowing, sleep disruption and even upper respiratory problems . Relief from this problem includes new medical therapy (acid suppression medications) like Prevacid® and Nexium® which affect the gastric acid production. These, however, acid reflux does not respond to medical therapy and it does not address or repair the underlying cause of the disease which is a weak sphincter or sphincter defect between the stomach and esophagus. Safe and effective procedures for patients who suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are only recently being discovered. A breakthrough in medical studies introduced a new operation that has the potential to cure GERD. LINX is a small implant that comprises of interlinked titanium beads with magnetic
cores. The magnetic attraction between the beads augments and the existing esophageal sphincter barrier function to prevent reflux. This small device is implanted during a surgical procedure and is called The LINX Reflux Management System. It is indicated for those diagnosed with GERD that cannot be treated with medical therapy. Along with the surgery comes potential risks and lifestyle modifications
Gray Wolf Optimization Gray wolf optimization is presented in the following subsections based on the work in [13]. 1) Inspiration: Grey wolves are considered as apex predators, meaning that they are at the top of the food chain. Grey wolves mostly prefer to live in a pack. The group size is 512 on average. They have a very strict social dominant hierarchy.
The author¡¯s techniques in Rattler convey not only a feeling of sadness and remorse but also a sense of the man¡¯s acceptance of the snake¡¯s impending death. The reader can sense the purpose of the author¡¯s effective message through the usage of diction, imagery, and organization.
...his builds a relationship between the two causing the predator to consume its meat without looking away (Pollan 307). This causes that person to no want to know what they are eating because people are used to not knowing what they are eating.
People can hear harsh screeching, and spine chilling screams. (“Tasmanian Devil”). In addition, these devils are carnivores. These animals can also be scavengers. Although some people would expect them to be fussy around dinner time, they are usually not too conscientious.
Digestion have a function of breaking down all food into our body. Our body use all nutrients to help in the process been health and growth. Digestion supplied small molecules that will be absorbed into our bloodstream.
In this article, you are informed about a disease that is occurring more often in our society. It is commonly referred to as “heartburn” but is more appropriately named acid reflux disease or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Most people suffer from this disease, but think nothing of it. Perhaps they have felt it after a big meal, lying down after eating, during pregnancy, or even when bending over. Most people feel that GERD occurs after eating spicy foods, when in fact the major cause of GERD is fatty foods and the quantity of foods eaten.
The digestive system otherwise known as the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) is a long tube which runs from the mouth to the anus. It operates to break down the food we eat from large macromolecules such as starch, proteins and fats, which can’t be easily absorbed, into readily absorbable molecules such as glucose, fatty acids and amino acids. Once broken down, these molecules can cross the cells lining the small intestine, enter into the circulatory system and be transported around the body finally being used for energy, growth and repair.
The digestive system is a group of organs that works together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients that will feed the entire body. The digestive system breaks down food so nutrients can be absorbed by the body. The digestive system has three main functions. First, it ingests food then breaks it down so nutrients can be absorbed and it also eliminates what cannot be digested.
Acid is produced naturally in your stomach to help you digest food and to kill bacteria. This acid irritates the stomach lining so our body produces a natural mucus barrier which protects it. Sometimes this barrier may be damaged thus allowing the acid to damage the stomach causing inflammation, ulcers and other conditions. Other times, there may be a problem with the muscular band at the top of the stomach that keeps the stomach tightly closed and this allows the acid to escape and irritate the oesophagus. This is called 'acid reflux' and can cause heartburn and/or oesophagitis. Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole stop cells in the lining of the stomach from producing too much acid. This can help prevent ulcers from forming or assist the healing process. By decreasing the amount of acid, they can also help to reduce acid reflux related symptoms such as heartburn.
Many people do not know that tasmanian devils exists. If you ask someone about a tasmanian devil they’ll probably tell you about “Taz”, the cartoon character that appeared on the Looney Tunes television show. Taz was portrayed as a ferocious character with a short temper and enormous appetite, which is the exact opposite of what a tasmanian devil is. People may think tasmanian devils act this way due to “Taz”, but they are actually timid and not as ferocious. The tasmanian devil is the world's largest living carnivorous marsupial (animal with a pouch), that earned its name but the scream that they sound off. They are scavengers that use their sharp teeth and claws to feast off of dead animals.
When eaten, protein is broken down into amino acids. Proteins and amino acids are used for almost every metabolic process in the body, and are the building blocks for every tissue in your body.
Our metabolism, “the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions”, manages energy usage and production of cells. We use energy constantly and our metabolism breaks down food through complex chemical reactions into energy our cells
In this section, the algorithms and techniques used in the design of the proposed approach will be introduced. 2.1. Grey Wolf Optimizer Grey wolf optimizer (GWO) is an optimization algorithm simulating the hunting and leadership mechanism of gray wolves and it is introduced by Mirjalili et al.21. An overview about this algorithm is given below.
In the film “Red Cliff” directed by John Woo, The Eastern Han Dynasty, one of the main characters, Prime minister Cao Cao, plans to take over the southern Han Dynasty lands and unify China. The Lui Bei try and fend them off but they are extremely outnumbered by the East and have no choice but to retreat to protect their people. Knowing they cannot win, the strategist named Kongming suggests and allies with the Sun Quan who were also outnumbered and would eventually be attacked by Cao Cao after defeating the Lui. Although the eastern Han still had more soldiers, the southern Han still fight. They devise many plans to counter their huge army and with their strategies and meteorologist they are able to defeat Cao Cao’s army, creating three main
A crocodile appears as a fierce predator and its appearance is no lie. Crocodiles are violent carnivores and there physical traits help it be successful in its hunting. They are aquatic creatures built for the predator lifestyle. There bodies are designed to swim quickly as they are able to tuck in there feet and cut through the water with little resistance. There feet are also webbed and although are not used to gain speed they are used to make quick changes in directions or sudden moves. There feet are also an advantage in shallow water where they will typically walk. They also have a thick layer of tissue around the mouth that prevents water from entering while they dive down. Crocodiles unlike many reptiles lack a certain characteristic that most have, they do not have the ability to stick out their tongue. This is caused by the membrane that holds there tongue in place giving it little movement. The skin under there bellies and sides is smooth and fragile unlike the rest of their body. On the dorsal side the skin is very thick and rugged and in some parts rather sharp, this gives them a layer of protection. There are pores and capillaries in between the scales that provide feeling and gives them the ability to know hot from cold. Crocodiles produc...