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Pros and cons of genetic modification
Human genetic modification pros and cons
Pros and cons of genetic modification
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Born to Be a Criminal: The Warrior Gene
"Sixty minutes goes by in the blink of an eye. It's barely enough time to accomplish much of anything, really. But by the next tick of the long hand, two Americans will have lost their lives to acts of violence. In that same hour, 250 more will need medical treatment for a violence- related injury. As the hours pass, so mount the costs: on average $1.3 million for each violent fatality and $80,000 for each non-fatal assault. Each year, nearly 3% of our country's gross domestic product is lost due to violence" (Buckholtz). Clearly, violence is an issue that needs to be addressed. In order to determine the most effective way to minimize violence, we must first understand where the violence originates. For
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As Lawrence Perbal discussed in his article, "The Warrior Gene' and the Mãori People: The Responsibility of the Geneticists", found in the journal Bioethics: Volume 27 Number 7, "many studies have shown a statistical (positive correlation) or causal relationship between low levels of MAOA and aggressive behavior, mental retardation, lack of self-control, addiction, and risk taking behaviors". In a TED Talk done by Jim Fallon, he goes on to explain how those with this monoamine oxidase A gene, have an overflow of serotonin in youth. This may boggle the mind because serotonin has to do with feelings of joy or happiness. However, because of this overdose of serotonin at a young age, these people become tolerant of the serotonin and it no longer has the outcomes it is intended to have (Fallon). As with anything, once tolerant, the ability of serotonin to produce feelings of pleasantry is diminished greatly. Consequently, without the capability of having these pleasing feelings it causes those particular individuals to be more likely to having aggressive outbreaks of brutality and outrage. Jim Fallon also makes a countering point in his Ted Talk, that without a traumatizing event, these genes do not create a criminal. He argues that without a mortifying occurrence, people will live "normal" lives free of …show more content…
What needs to be realized is that the benefits of altering these warrior genes outweigh any possible costs. We can create the best possible building blocks to enhance and better our futures. By putting an end to violence and crime before it can occur, we are protecting the livelihood of our future, our children's future, and far beyond that. As research goes forward in the field of genetic engineering the possibilities are endless. Over time crime rates will recede. As a whole, within the United States and other areas around the world, the reign violence has had over us will be now taken
Brunner syndrome is a recessive X-linked disorder characterized by impulsive aggressiveness and mild mental retardation associated with MAOA deficiency. According to Brunner, it is a rare genetic disorder with a mutation in the MAOA gene (monoamine oxidase A gene). It is characterized by lower than average IQ (typically about 85), is a problematic impulsive behavior (such as arson, hypersexuality and violence), is also a sleep disorders and mood swings. Brunner syndrome was first discover by Hens G. Brunner; his findings has been used to argue genetics, and the behavior can cause criminal activity. Evidence supporting the genetic defense stems from both Brunner’s findings and a series of studies on mice have proven correlation
However, it is interesting how contradictory the finding is to several other claims. Studies have shown that serotonin, in normal levels, exerts a calming, inhibitory effect on neuronal firing (5) and that, in low levels of serotonin, aggressive and impulse behaviors increase (6).This contradicts the previous claim that a built-up, or high levels of serotonin caused by the MAOA mutation, causes violent behavior.
Some psychologist believe that if a serial killer displays or kills his victims in such a way then it qualifies as fulfilling as sexual desire. These killers are usually diagnosed with a mental disorder referred to as sexual sadism. Psychologists refer to serial killers who kill in this manner as sexual sadist. A sexual sadist enjoys the ‘suffering or embarrassment of others to the point of arousal’ (Serial Killers and Sexual Sadism). Sociologists believe that a serial killer needs to “fulfil a sexual desire by turning a fantasy into a controllable reality” (Serial Killers: Nature vs. Nurture). Sadist crave the dominance and control over their victims because they feel as if they cannot control other aspects of their life. Another biological factor derives within the DNA of the person. Many killers have the “MAO-A gene (monoamine oxidase A). This gene, which has been the target of considerable research, is also known as the "warrior gene" because it regulates serotonin in the brain. Serotonin affects your mood — think Prozac — and many scientists believe that if you have a certain version of the warrior gene, your brain won't respond to the calming effects of serotonin (A Neuroscientist Uncovers a Dark Secret).” With this gene psychologist and scientist alike believe that this can foretell a serial killer before he becomes a serial
Kevles, Daniel J. and Leroy Hood. "Will the Human Genome Project Lead to Abuses In Genetic Engineering?" Taking Sides. Ed. Thomas A. Easton. Guilford, Connecticut: Dushkin Publishing Group Inc., 1995. 342-357.
... variant of MAOA that exhibit deficiencies is the MAOA-L. MAOA-L predisposes a person to psychopathic traits. However, there has to be something that triggers that gene. Moreover, males are more likely to have it than females, which would explain why psychopaths are mostly male.
Nurture versus nature has been a long-standing debate. Nature, also known as pro-heredity in this essay, is about what a person’s genetic predispositions are related to behavior and intentions. The Monoamine Oxidase A gene (MAO-A) has earned the nickname “warrior gene” because it has been linked to aggression in observational and survey-based studies (Johnson and Tingley). In an actual study, a man named Jim Fallon, who has studied the biological basis for behavior for nearly 20 years, discovered he had the particular variant, MAO-A, that diminishes the calming effects of serotonin. Not only did Fallon discover this, he also found out that “one of his direct great-grandfathers…was hanged for murdering his mother. That line… produced seven other murderers… Lizzy Borden… ‘Cousin Lizzy’… was accused… of killing her father and stepmother with an ax…” (Hagerty). This is surely due to the fact that this compulsion to killing was inherited down the family lines.
Violence is defined as the intentional use of force to harm a human being. Its outcome is injury (whether physical or psychological, fatal or nonfatal). Violence among teenagers is on the rise, and has been since the early 1980's. In my opinion this is due to the increase of violence in the media, the astounding availability of firearms and the lack of proper guidance in the home. Northeastern University's College of Criminal Justice reports that from 1985 to 1993 murders committed by people over the age of 25 dropped an impressive 20%; meanwhile they increased 65% for people between the ages of 18-24 and an astounding 165% growth for teenagers 14 to 17. According to the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, in 1996, 6548 young people 15-24 years old were victims of homicides. This amounts to an average of 18 youth homicides per day in the US. It also states that homicide is the second leading cause of death for persons 15-24 and is the leading cause of death for African-American and Hispanic youths in this age group. There are a few things that we as Americans can do to stunt this problem, and it starts with the home. By focusing on the home first, we as Americans can drastically reduce the amount of violent crime committed in the US.
It is also crucial to consider the genetic makeup of these killers when trying to decipher their motives. New research shows a potential link between a strand of genes and aggression and violence (Bradley-Hagerty). The MAO-A gene or (monoamine oxidase A) has been researched extensively. The gene is often referred to as the “warrior gene” (Bradley-Hagerty). The function of this gene is to regulate serotonin in the brain. However, there are different variations of the gene, one of which is believed to prevent the brain from feeling the relaxing effects of the serotonin (Bradley- Hagerty). Without these calming effects, the person with this version of the gene is genetically predisposed to fits of rage; fits of rage that could potentially lead to murder over and over again.
Answers on which genes affect anti-social behavior have started to emerge from genetic studies. In a study done on mice, if the MAOA gene (monoamine oxidase A), is neutralized the mice become extremely aggressive. If the gene is reactivated they return to their normal behavior. Studies on humans have also implied that the lack of the MAOA gene is responsible for anti-social behavior. The challenge now is to understand which genes affect this behavior.
Violence in America is a problem, and it is a problem that should be addressed. However,
17(4); 241-305. Reif, A. 2007 Neuropsychopharmacology. -. Nature and Nurture Predispose to Violent Behavior: Serotonergic Genes and Averse Childhood Environment. 32 (11); 2375-2383. Schaffner, K. 2001 Current Opinion in Psychiatry.
When looking at the issue of violence, violence is a natural abnormality that should be rehabilitated; violence can also be a learned behavior that children of all ages should be informed to avoid. Before I continue to make assumptions about violence, violence should be viewed through, genetic makeup causing an individual(s) to behavior a certain way, how the environment would affect the behavior of an individual(s), and how both genetics and environmental factors merge together to create violent behaviors. Before there is an understanding of how serotonin effects violent outburst, we must first understand and breakdown the science of serotonin. Serotoni...
Neurotransmitters are chemicals in the brain and body that help transmit electric signals from one neuron to other neurons in the body. These neurotransmitters are responsible for the activation of behavioral patterns and tendencies in specific areas of the brain. When a neuron releases the neurotransmitter chemicals, healthy synapse are needed to pass the electric message across the gaps correctly. All of this is important in an individual’s criminal behavior because the transportation of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotine control a person’s emotions and therefore their behavior. “Dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain that is associated with pleasure and is also one of the neurotransmitters that is chiefly associated with aggression.” (Jones, C. M.). An individual usually experiences high levels of dopamine before and after an altercation and it can cause an individual not to recognize the lasting angry expression they have on their face. Also, “Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is key in information processing and most consistently linked to criminal behavior in its deficiency; low levels are linked to depression and other mental illnesses” (Schram, P. J., & Tibbetts). People with low levels of serotonin have trouble communicating in everyday life and this has a strong connection with criminality because people that
...dgkinson C, Raymont V, Ferrier C, et al. Prefrontal cortex lesions and MAO-A modulate aggression in penetrating traumatic brain injury. Neurology. 76(12):1038-45 (2011).Van Erp AM, Miczek KA. Aggressive behavior, increased accumbal dopamine, and decreased cortical serotonin in rats. Journal of Neuroscience. 20(24):9320-5(2000).Vrontou E, Nilsen SP, Demir E, Kravitz EA, Dickson BJ. fruitless regulates aggression and dominance in Drosophila. Nature Neuroscience 9, 1469 - 1471 (2006).)
...fers low levels of monoamine oxidase enzyme, thus predisposing the individual to criminal behaviour (Lee).