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Gender and race relations in society
Gender and race issues
Sexism and racism
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In Kimberly Springer’s anthology, Skin Deep, Spirit Strong: The Black Female Body in American Culture, she has different articles in the book that are written by a variety of women. The articles in the book break down and discuss areas of history and time-periods that shaped the representation and current understanding of the black female body. Many ideals of how society preserves the black female body to be is based on historical context that the authors in Springers book further explain. The two articles that I am going to focus on are Gender, Race and Nation: The Comparative Anatomy of “Hottentot” Women in Europe 1815-17 and Mastering the Female Pelvis: Race and the Tools of Reproduction. Gender, Race and Nation: The Comparative Anatomy Baartman was often compared to an ape because of her stature, in the text the author states, “The hottentot worked as a double trope. As a woman of color, she served as primitive primitive: she was both female and racial link to nature- two for the price of one.” (pg. 75) Because of Baartman’s race Europeans linked her to an animal who is apart of nature as opposed to a human being. Like wise, in Mastering the Female Pelvis, Sims and Harris depicted the slave women as inherently more durable than white women, they described the black women to be durable like a car, not in reference to a human being (272). Sims often argued that the slave women was able to endure excruciating pain because slavery “prepared” the women for the surgeries. In present day black women are still looked at as being strong women, but with that description comes negative. In society people often think that black women can endure any and everything that causes pain, as Dr. Kuumba once stated in class that her doctor compared her to an animal after giving her a shot. Comments like the ones made by Sims and Dunlop perpetuate the insecurities that black women have in
*Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. "African American Women's History and the Metalanguage of Race" in Feminism and History, ed. Joan Wallach Scott (NY: Oxford University Press, 1996), 201.
The black women’s interaction with her oppressive environment during Revolutionary period or the antebellum America was the only way of her survival. Playing her role, and being part of her community that is not always pleasant takes a lot of courage, and optimism for better tomorrow. The autonomy of a slave women still existed even if most of her natural rights were taken. As opposed to her counterparts
The sexual abuse of african-american women, and african women began with slavery, and can be noted as the first shift in inequality and lack of control over one’s own body. The psychological, and physiological construct of control is deeply rooted in history. Slavery, for example, was the physical dehumanization of another human being who was thought to be inferior. Psychologically, the act of physical constraint must have internalized ideas of social dominance. Especially, when slave owners, overseers, and drivers would take advantage of their authority and of their powerful positions to rape enslaved women. After the emancipation of the slaves, white men were no longer in control, and this generated a fear of equality with african-american
She sheds a light of how early Black feminist scholars such as Collins have been criticized for relying too heavily on colonial ideology around the black female body. Subjectively neglecting the contemporary lived experience of Black women. Critiques such as these highlights the Black female agency in the representation of the body. viewing this as a human and sexual rights or health perspective has been lending to the contemporary Black feminist debates about the representation of Black female bodies and Black eroticism within the culture of
Smith, J, & Phelps, S (1992). Notable Black American Women, (1st Ed). Detroit, MI: Gale
It is well known that slavery was a horrible event in the history of the United States. However, what isn't as well known is the actual severity of slavery. The experiences of slave women presented by Angela Davis and the theories of black women presented by Patricia Hill Collins are evident in the life of Harriet Jacobs and show the severity of slavery for black women.
Deborah Gray White’s Ar’n’t I a Woman? details the grueling experiences of the African American female slaves on Southern plantations. White resented the fact that African American women were nearly invisible throughout historical text, because many historians failed to see them as important contributors to America’s social, economic, or political development (3). Despite limited historical sources, she was determined to establish the African American woman as an intricate part of American history, and thus, White first published her novel in 1985. However, the novel has since been revised to include newly revealed sources that have been worked into the novel. Ar’n’t I a Woman? presents African American females’ struggle with race and gender through the years of slavery and Reconstruction. The novel also depicts the courage behind the female slave resistance to the sexual, racial, and psychological subjugation they faced at the hands of slave masters and their wives. The study argues that “slave women were not submissive, subordinate, or prudish and that they were not expected to be (22).” Essentially, White declares the unique and complex nature of the prejudices endured by African American females, and contends that the oppression of their community were unlike those of the black male or white female communities.
“I tried to demonstrate how both the cross cultural literature and the history of African American women gave the lie to the nation that gender inequality can be attributed to biological differences” (Mullings, page xvii)
...listic structure of America. Amongst the entire provided statistics one thing remained constant, the rank of the Black woman were almost always lowest; which unfortunately still remains the same in today’s society.
From the earlier forms of fetishizing over Saartjie Baartman in Europe, the dehumanization of black women as “mammies,” to Daniel Patrick Moynihan’s controversial Moynihan Report in 1965, African and African American female identity has been under the direct possession of white people. White Americans have continued to define the black female’s position within society by creating her narrative based on inequitable economic and societal conditions as well as gender norms that have outlined what it means to be a “true” black woman. Her behavior and body has been examined [and understood] through her direct contrast to white women, her role in supporting the white race
During the eighteenth and nineteenth-century, notions of freedom for Black slaves and White women were distinctively different than they are now. Slavery was a form of exploitation of black slaves, whom through enslavement, lost their humanity and freedom, and were subjected to dehumanizing conditions. African women and men were often mistreated through similar ways, especially when induced to labor, they would eventually become a genderless individual in the sight of the master. Despite being considered “genderless” for labor, female slaves suddenly became women who endured sexual violence. Although a white woman was superior to the slaves, she had little power over the household, and was restricted to perform additional actions without the consent of their husbands. The enslaved women’s notion to conceive freedom was different, yet similar to the way enslaved men and white women conceived freedom. Black women during slavery fought to resist oppression in order to gain their freedom by running away, rebel against the slaveholders, or by slowing down work. Although that didn’t guarantee them absolute freedom from slavery, it helped them preserve the autonomy and a bare minimum of their human rights that otherwise, would’ve been taken away from them. Black
It can be seen how these stereotypes of black women can prevent them from living their lives to the fullest potential and decreases their chances of being public leaders. For instance, Michelle Obama is such a public figure that many issues have risen in regards to being accurately judged on her education and experience. After the election in 2008, the media did not miss a step in scrutinizing her racial background and heritage. Many news sources did not waste anytime in sexually demoralizing the First Lady by commenting on her physical body and choice of clothing. The misinformed judgment on Michelle Obama directly correlates with the stereotypes discussed within Sister Citizen.
The movie “Iron Jawed Angels” epitome the battles and struggles that women encountered in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The controversial tactic warranted a negative reaction was the limited representation of African American women during this women suffrage movement. In the assigned text Gendered Lives, there is information concerning the fact that the fight for equality was for “white”, instead of including “black” women. In my opinion, this movie advocates that theory of the non-existent African American women involvement. This movie illustrates the inequalities through examination of the liberal and cultural ideologies involving women, in regards to their race, gender, class. Also, I will be discussing the first, second, third wave , and Men ideologies that contributed to the overall success of these feminist ideologies.
Novels like The Chosen Place, The Timeless People' and 'Praisesong for the Widow, have one thing in common and that is the lead character is a African American woman. When we think of racism we think of the whole population, but we see a majority of males; therefore we neglect the female perspective. In these novels, it shows racial oppression in colonial invasion and going back to their roots. In the novels it is either connect with your past or be destroyed their location on Carriacou, off Grenada which is East of the Caribbean and closest to Africa. Which among these places have “long painful histories of slavery and colonialism, manifest both physical and temporal characteristics which seem to demand a kind of settling accounts” (The Chosen
Nnoromele, Salome C. "Representing the African Woman: Subjectivity and Self in The Joys of Motherhood." Critique 43.2 (2002): 178-190.