For the purpose of this particular class assignment and with funding not being an issue, this paper will seek to create a treatment/prevention program for those who have been affected by the effects of substance abuse/addiction. Additionally, it will seek to describe a comprehensive model for treating this population. The mission would be to eliminate the devastating impact of substance abuse on those affected: chemically dependent individuals, those with a history of substance abuse/misuse, families/children and communities. The goal is to achieve and sustain abstinence for those addicted to alcohol and other substances in order for them to develop a recovering lifestyle. Finally, this paper will attempt to incorporate theoretical models and seek to identify appropriate intervention based on strategies and modalities Definition of Substance dependence/Abuse: Substance dependence, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), refers to “a cluster of cognitive, behavioral and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues use of the substance despite significant substance-related problems while substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, refers to “a maladaptive pattern of substance use manifested by recurrent and significant adverse consequences related to the repeated use of substances”. Drug addiction is seen as a complex disorder that can involve practically every aspect of an individual’s functioning as it relates to the family, work/school and the community. According to the DSM-IV-TR, the clinical criteria for substance dependency (addiction)/abuse include compulsive drug use despite har... ... middle of paper ... ...nvironmental risk. There is extensive research on the cognitive impairments associated with chronic, heavy According to Locke & Newcomb (2004), Works Cited Abadinsky, H. (2011). Drug use and abuse: A comprehensive introduction, 7th ed. Belmont, CA: Thompson/Wadsworth. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000. Chasnoff, I. J. (1988). Newborn infants with drug withdrawal symptoms. Pediatrics in Review, 9, 273-277. Handler, A., Kristin, N., Davis, F., & Ferre, C. (1991). Cocaine use during pregnancy: Perinatal outcome. American Journal of Epidemiology, 133, 818-825. Jaffe, J. H. (1975). Drug addiction and drug abuse. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (pp. 284-324), MacMillan, New York.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Messigner D.S., Bauer R.C., Das A., Seifer R., Lester B.M., Laquasse L.L. et al. (2004). Maternal lifestyle study: Cognitive, motor and behavioral outcomes of cocaine-exposed and opiate-exposed infants through three years of age. Society for Pediatric Research, 1-3, 5, 6.
...y, H. (2008). Drug use and abuse: a comprehensive introduction (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.
Brent Q. Hafen ed, Drug Abuse: Psychology, Sociology, Pharmacology. (Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1973).
There are various factors that influence addiction. These factors were broadly categorized into environmental and biological factors. Biological is mainly based on someone’s genetic makeup. Life experiences are considered to be environmental. When we consider these two categories, we find that there are some causes that fall in neither category. There was need for a better way to classify addictions. In 1977, George L. Engel, a psychiatrist at the University of Rochester come up with the Biopsychosocial Model of Addiction (Fisher 2009). According to them, addiction may be due to biological, social or psychological effects. We categorize addiction into these three groups so that we are able to clearly understand the addictions properly.
The topic of interest I chose to write my article review on was babies born with neonatal abstinence syndrome. Drugs are extremely impacting our society in negative ways. Women who are addicted to drugs do not make the best decisions. One of the worst decisions they make is to have unprotected sex and get pregnant while still using. When babies are born addicted because their mothers used during the pregnancy they will have what is known as neonatal abstinence syndrome. In 2012, every 25 minutes a baby was born with NAS. In total that year there was 21,732 babies born addicted. These babies didn't even have the choice, they were born addicts. This will effect them negatively for the rest of their lives, and more than likely cause them to be an addict themselves. A child's mental health is so important during their younger months, and being
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
Addiction is a chronic brain disease characterized by compulsive drug and substance use. Despite its harmful consequences to the human body, addicts continue to seek for more drugs to keep their systems active. Millions of people abuse drugs and substances in the world today. As a result of substance abuse, addicts can easily lose control of their actions. Addiction is a long-lasting brain illness that disrupts the normal body functioning. It holds the brain hostage.
There are many drawbacks to a substance use while pregnant that directly influence the development and wellbeing of a child, each substance has a different effect and severity. Before a child is born they are at risk of a miscarriage, stillbirth, fetal demise, low birth weight, and congenital anomalies just to name a few. If the child survives the pregnancy, he or she is at risk for acquiring fetal alcohol syndrome if the mother was addicted to alcohol, sudden infant death if the mother smoked while pregnant. Microcephaly and other growth development challenges has been linked to children whose mother had an opioid addiction while pregnant, cognitive and respiratory issues such as asthma or bronchitis are also commonly observed in children whom are a product of an addicted mother. The worst impact the substance misuse can have on the infant however, is a dysfunctional relationship with their primary caregiver, the
Drug abuse is a rampant problem in the United States. Drugs can be abused in a variety of different ways by people from every walk of life. Most of us have been affected by drug abuse either directly or indirectly. Drug abusers harm themselves, as well as their families and communities. Drug abuse takes an enormous toll on our society at many levels. The cost of drug abuse on our society is astronomical, not only financially but also personally, emotionally, socially and professionally.
If we don’t fix this now it might be the next crack baby epidemic ( Brochu). Babies in this condition are so sensitive. Like crack babies or those born with fetal alcohol syndrome, infants diagnosed with “neonatal abstinence syndrome” exhibit dangerous signs of withdrawal: jitters, trouble feeding and putting on weight, diarrhea, respiratory problems. They are so sensitive to light and noise, their cribs or incubators have to be covered with blankets. To wean them off the drugs, they’re fed morphine or methadone. Even after the typical three-month recovery process, many face developmental delays and health implications from premature birth (Brochu). In the last 5 years the drug addicted baby rate has gone up 5 times the
The concept of addiction, originated in the field of substance abuse, particularly the abuse of alcohol, and cocaine (Courtwright, 1982; Dickson, Derevenksy & Gupta, 2002; Musto, 1973). Researchers have been working in this area for well over a century (e.g., Crothers, 1893) and have produced a substantial body of theoretical models and empirical data (Rosenthal, 1992; Taber et al., 1987). Substance addictions are usually thought of as a perceived loss of control (Room, 2003, pp. 225 & 228), caused either by qualities of the addictive substance itself, or by some psychological desire or craving the substance inspires or takes advantage of.
First of all, when a child-bearing woman is using drugs, the substances are being transferred to the foetus through the umbilical cord (Bashmore, Ketchum, Staisch, Barrett, & Zimmermann, 1981). As a consequence, the foetus experiences the same physical symptoms as its mother, such as blood intoxication and spasms (Bashmore et al, 1981; Kreek, Nielsen, Butelmann, & LaForge, 2005). Substance abuse during pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortion, heart defects and low birth weight (Bashmore et al., 1981), as well as behavioral problems and addiction proneness for the offspring (Bashmore et al., 1981; Jêdrzejczak, 2005). More specifically, substance abuse during pregnancy can elicit a series of chemical reactions in the developing brain of the foetus (Kreek et al., 2005). As a result, in the future life of the offspring, an environmental or a psychological stimulus may be enough to lead to substance abuse (Kreek et al., 2005).
Everitt, B. Robbins, T. (1999) Drug addiction: bad habits add up. Macmillian Magazines, volume 389, pg 567-570.
The use of drugs is a controversial topic in society today. In general, addicts show a direct link between taking drugs and suffering from their effects. People abuse drugs for a wide variety of reasons. In most cases, the use of drugs will serve a type of purpose or will give some kind of reward. These reasons for use will differ with different kinds of drugs. Various reasons for using the substance can be pain relief, depression, anxiety and weariness, acceptance into a peer group, religion, and much more. Although reasons for using may vary for each individual, it is known by all that consequences of the abuse do exist. It is only further down the line when the effects of using can be seen.