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Psychology on attachment
Strengths and limitations for attachment styles
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Evaluating Attachment Styles in Romantic Relationships Affected by Childhood Experiences Attachment has been traditionally thought of as a pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are resulted from the ability of a caregiver to meet an infants’ need for closeness (Myrick, Green, & Crenshaw, 2014). In reality attachment style stays with a child up until adulthood because they sustain relationships with their parents and also develop new ones with friends and romantic partners to have emotional and intimate support (Black & Schutte, 2006). It was proposed by Bowlby (Bartholomew, 1993) that adulthood relationships were developed from parent-child relationships (Caron, Lafontaine, Bureau, Levesque, & Johnson, 2012). Previous research has shown that adults’ attachment to their parents correlated to their attachment in relationships. Recent research results revealed that the more positive parent-child attachment an adult resulted to the ability to easily trust and adjust in a romantic relationship (Black & Schutte, 2006). This research shows how childhood experiences and attachment affects the development of romantic relationships. Many factors such as sibling interaction and environment plays a role into childhood experiences and not solely parent-child attachment. The decisions an adult makes in quality romantic relationships such as how trusting, dependency, and openness is based on their attachment to their parents. In previous research, (N.L. Collins et al., 2002) the way individuals evaluate and react to new relationships are guided by the reflection of a cognitive model of attachment styles (Rauer, 2007). As previously stated, the results of positive or negative parent-child relationships determine how easily or... ... middle of paper ... ...ron, A., Lafontaine, M., Bureau, J., Levesque, C., & Johnson, S. M. (2012). Comparisons of Close Relationships: An Evaluation of Relationship Quality and Patterns of Attachment to Parents, Friends, and Romantic Partners in Young Adults. Canadian Journal Of Behavioural Science, 44(4), 245-256. Myrick, A. C., Green, E.J., & Crenshaw, D. (2014). The Influence of Divergent Parental Attachment Styles on Adolescent Maturation: Implications for Family Counseling Practitioners. Family Journal, 22(1), 35-42. Rauer, A. L. (2007). Differential parenting and sibling jealousy: Developmental correlates of young adults’ romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 14(4), 495-511. Smith, S. D., & Ng, K. (2009, June 9). Association Between Adult Romantic Attachment Styles and Family-of-Origin Expressive Atmosphere. The Family Journal, 17(3), 220-228. doi:10.1177/1066480709337806
Fox (1995) poses that it is possible that early childhood attachment does not influence adults’ minds relative to attachment. He also is hesitant to agree that parental sensitivity is a valuable aspect that is potentially “transmitted” to offspring.
Hazan, C., Gur-Yaish, N., & Campa, M. (2003). What does it mean to be attached? In W. S. Rholes & J. A. Simpson (Eds.) Adult Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Implications, (pp. 55 – 85). New York: Guilford.
Sweeney, M Megan (2007). Stepfather Families and the Emotional Well-Being of Adolescents. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. Vol 48, No. 1, 33-49
The first topic that came up in the interview relates to idea of attachment theory. Attachment theory explains the human’s way of relating to a caregiver and receives an attachment figures relating to the parent, and children. In addition, the concept explains the confidence and ability for a child to free explore their environment with a place to seek support, protection, and comfort in times of distress (Levy, Ellison, Scott, and Bernecker, 2010, p. 193). Within attachment theory explains different types of attachment styles that children experience during early childhood. These attachment styles affect the relationships they continue to build in adulthood. The best attachment style happens when the parent is attuned to the child during his or her early childhood called secure attachment (Reyes, 2010, p. 174). In order for complete secure attachment, the child needs to feel safe, seen, and soothed. Any relationship that deviates from this model represents the anxious or insecure attachment. This means that parents or caregivers are inconsistently responsive to the children. Children who have these parents are usually confused and insecure. Some children experience a dismissive attachment where they
In addition to romantic partners, other age peers such as friends and family have the potential to become dominant attachment figures for adults. Throughout adolescence and early adulthood, friends and romantic partners gradually replace parents as the preferred source of emotional support and proximity seeking (Freeman & Brown, 2001; Hazan & Zeifman, 1994). Shifts in attachment tend to be a function of the relationship length, and only longer lasting friendships are likely to create close attachment bonds (Fraley & Davis, 1997). Enduring close friendships have the potential to
Admittedly, many psychologists define attachment as an enduring, affectionate bond that one person forms between himself and another person throughout life. Mary Ainsworth provided the most famous research: strange situation, offering explanations of individual differences in attachment. However, in this Adult Attachment Style questionnaire that I took, I found many factors relevant to attachment as defined in the textbook. For example, in the textbook, it defines attachment based on Ainsworth research, the strange situation by observing attachment forms between mother and infants. They are described in four attachment styles: securely attached, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant, and insecure disorganized.
No matter what, people form thousands of relationships to get through the ups and downs in life. To be frank, life would be pretty dull and empty without relationships. One of the most important relationships is the one that people form with their parents (Perry). Early family relationships are the foundation for adult relationships and a child’s personality (Perry; Greenberg). Alicia Lieberman, a psychology professor, said “The foundation for how a child feels about himself and the world is how he feels in his relationship with the primary caregiver” (Greenberg). According to Erik Erikson and the attachment theory, the bond between a caregiver and child has a huge impact on a child’s development because of social and emotional effects.
Kagan suggested that a serious limitation of attachment theory is its failure to recognize the profound influences of social class, gender, ethnicity, and culture on personality development (CITE: B-up-B article). The child’s temperament, added to specific life conditions, may well affect the caregiver’s attitudes, which in turn influence the quality of the child’s attachment (CITE – paper – behavioral problems). This supports that it’s not just the child’s attachment and ability to connect with their caregiver but also how the caregiver responds, their behavior towards the child and understanding the child’s needs. It’s the experience that a child has not only in their early stages of life but throughout many different developmental stages, that shapes their ability to become adapt and provide social competency in their
Let us take a look at the most important factor that determines the health of our adult relationships; that is infant attachment. From the time that an infant is born, those around him influence the way a child will act or react in any given relationship. It provides a firm foundation upon which all other relationships grow. The idea is that the success of all relationships is dependent upon the success of the first one, namely, of the bond between the infant and his mother or primary caregiver (Brodie, 2008).
Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P.R. (1999). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications. New York: The Guilford Press.
Connection, according to Curt Thompson (2010), is the most crucial determinant of our long-term welfare. The degree to which we are attached to significant others in our lives, affects not only our interpersonal dynamics throughout life, but impacts our neural networks as well as those of our children (Thompson, 2010). This attachment begins during the first moment of life, and is nurtured and shaped by a child’s relationship with his or her parents, or lack thereof.
Sobolewski, Juliana M., and Paul R. Amato. 2007. "Parents' Discord and Divorce, Parent-Child Relationships and Subjective Well-Being in Early Adulthood: Is Feeling Close to Two Parents Always Better than Feeling Close to One?." Social Forces 85, no. 3: 1105-1124. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed March 8, 2011).
Sobolewski, J.M., & Amato, P.R. (2007). Parents’ discord and divorce, parent-child relationships and subjective well-being in early adulthood: is feeing close to two parents always better than feeling close to one? Social Forces, 85(3), 1105-1124.
In secure attachment, infants use the caregiver, usually the mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment. Secure attachment is theorized to be an important foundation for psychological development later in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. In insecure attachment, infants either avoid the caregiver or show considerable resistance or ambivalence toward the caregiver. Insecure attachment is theorized to be related to difficulties in relationships and problems in later development. Developmentalists have begun to explore the role of secure attachment and related concepts, such as connectedness to parents, in adolescent development. They believe the attachment to parents in adolescence may facilitate the adolescent’s social competence and well-being, as reflected in such characteristics as self- esteem, emotional adjustment, and physical health (Allen & Kuperminc ; Armden & Greenberg; Black & McCartney; Blain, Thompson,
An overprotective parenting style may adversely affect a college student’s relationship with peers and, consequently, the college student’s functioning. The transition from being primarily attached to parents to forming attachments with are likely to report secure peer attachments, college students who