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Historical development of atomic structure
Historical development of atomic theory
Historical development of atomic theory
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Although the atomic theory was developed in increments, George Johnston Stoney is most famous for contributing the term electron: fundamental unit quantity of electricity. Stoney would develop the concept fourteen years before he coined the term electron. He also made contributions to the theory of gasses, cosmic physics, and estimated the number of molecules in a cubic millimeter of gas.
After being educated at Trinity College Dublin he moved to Queens University in Dublin where he worked as the Secretary of the Administrative Headquarters of the Queens Colleges. It was then when he produced his most important conceptions and calculations. His particular theory was that electrical charges in atoms are comprised of negatives which he would call electrons. He calculated the magnitude of a particle of electricity, or Stoney Unit which he would later name the electron in one of his papers in the Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society in 1891. The path taken to get to Stoney Units utilized the Stoney Scale which was the mathematical equation he developed to get his desired answer when
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researching the negative particles. He measured the size of the charge held by a particle. He began his research by setting fundamental sets of mass, length and time units known as Stoney units which he based on the studies of the gravitational constant on earth, the speed of light in a vacuum, and the elementary charge of the particle he studied; all which equaled one when constant. His discovery would later contribute to the development of the coulomb or international system unit of electric charge. His data was based of experimenting with electrolysis of water and the kinetic theory of gases. Although producing very interesting theories and discoveries throughout his life, GJ Stoney lived the average life of a top tier physicist prodigy. After graduating college he was selected for a fellowship by the third Earl of Rosse as astronomical assistant at Birr Observatory; he ended up failing his fellowship exam. Because of that he became a secretary of an administrator and directed much of Queens University’s cutting edge research. He was innovative in his field of studies as well as in his lab; he developed and modified his current scientific instruments to create several new ones to suit his needs. Stoney published about seventy-five scholarly essays during his life of which contained anything from energy expended in propelling a bicycle, the gears involved in propelling bicycles and tricycles, and even the possibility of an instrument that produces the quality sounds of a piano with the continuity of the tone of an organ (sought to prolong the tones of pianoforte). George Stoney was a physicist performing ahead of his time; his beginning research on the electron allowed two other theorists to benefit directly from him.
His data he from his experiments led to the discovery of the physical electron in an atom by J.J. Thomson at Cambridge around 1898, and was H.A. Lorentz’s baseline for his formal theory on the existence of the electron. In his Nobel Lecture in 1902 Lorentz would go on to acknowledge and credit Stoney for his contributions to his study. His discoveries changed the way others looked at the atomic structure. He received an honorary Doctorate of Science (D.Sc.) from the University of Dublin in June 1902 just 9 years before he died at the age of eighty-five. The lasting impact of his work is acknowledged even today because he aided in the advancement of the atomic theory by providing a new piece to the incomplete atomic
puzzle. http://famousirishscientists.weebly.com/george-johnstone-stoney.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_charge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Johnstone_Stoney http://www.rds.ie/index.jsp?a=806&n=245&p=182
Oppenheimer's early studies were devoted mainly to energy processes of subatomic particles, including electrons,positrons, and cosmic rays. He also did innovative work on not only neutron stars but also black holes. His university provided him with an excellent opportunity to research the quantum theory, along with exploration and development of its full significance. This helped him train an entire generation of U.S. physicists. Furthermore, the most important impact was the invention of the atomic bomb.
The cathode ray tube was invented in 1875 by the name of Sir Williams Crooke. Yet he wasn’t the one to make the big discovery. In 1897, a man by the name of J.J. Thompson conducted a series of experiments to prove the existence of subatomic particles. He wasn’t 100% correct with all of his claims he made but broke the theory John Dalton stated that the smallest form matter could be broken down to was an atom. Having shown the world that there was smaller than an atom, it later caused others to question and dive even deeper.
Similar examples can be found in physics. Prior to the Michelson-Morley Experiment of 1887, which showed the constant speed of light, the experiments of FitzGerald and Lorentz, which explained the constant speed of light as the contraction of bodies and slowing of clocks, and the subsequent conclusion by Einstein that electromagnetic waves do not require a medium, scientists felt that light required a medium, and thus one was invented-ether (Hawking). These experiments demonstrate yet another aspect of a personal point of view in the pursuit of knowledge; the fact that despite the assumptions a personal point of view brings into a study, such as FitzGerald’s and Lorentz’s assumption that ether did, in fact, exist, knowledge can still be gained from such a study. Despite their assumption, they contributed, through their experiments, the knowledge that light does travel at a set speed. Thus, even when associated with false assumptions brought into an experiment, personal points of view are not always negative.
physics. The work of Ernest Rutherford, H. G. J. Moseley, and Niels Bohr on atomic
In 1934 the American scientist Harold Clayton Urey won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for his discovery of the heavy form of hydrogen known as deuterium.
In the 1920s the new quantum and relativity theories were engaging the attentions of science. That mass was equivalent to energy and that matter could be both wavelike and corpuscular carried implications seen only dimly at that time. Oppenheimer's early research was devoted in particular to energy processes of subatomic particles, including electrons, positrons, and cosmic rays. Since quantum theory had been proposed only a few years before, the university post provided him an excellent opportunity to devote his entire career to the exploration and development of its full significance. In addition, he trained a whole generation of U.S. physicists, who were greatly affected by his qualities of leadership and intellectual independence.
The scientist who came up with the name was John A Wheeler. John invented the theory of nuclear fission. He was a student of Niels Bohr, the scientist who made a newer model of the atom. John was also apart of the Manhattan project with many other scientists.
This was the beginning of many awards in his experiments to come. He was elected to the Royal Society on May 29, 1756. This is probably one of the most influential factors in his work and this is one way that his work was seen by people all over Europe and other parts of the world. Members of the Royal Society had their scientific works published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. (DOSB,129)
In 1907, Einstein used Planck’s hypothesis of quantization to explain why the temperature of a solid changed by different amounts if you put the same amount of heat into the material. Since the early 1800’s, the science of spectroscopy had shown that different elements emit and absorb specific colors of light called “spectral lines.” In 1888, Johannes Rydberg derived an equation that described the spectral lines emitted by hydrogen, though nobody could explain why the equation worked. This changed in 1913 when Danish physicist Niel Bohr applied Planck’s hypothesis of quantization to Ernest Rutherford’s 1911 “planetary” model of the atom, which affirmed that electrons orbited the nucleus the same way that planets orbit the sun. Bohr offered an explanation for why electrical attraction does not make the electrons spiral into the nucleus. He said that electrons in atoms can change their energy only by absorbing or emitting quanta. When an electron absorbs a quantum it moves quickly to orbit farther from nucleus. When an electron emits a quantum the electron jumps to a closer
Richard P. Feynman was born in 1918 in Brooklyn; in 1942 he received his Ph.D. from Princeton. Already displaying his brilliance, Feynman played an important role in the development of the atomic bomb through his work in the Manhattan Project. In 1945 he became a physics teacher at Cornell University, and in 1950 he became a professor at the California Institute of Technology. He, along with Sin-Itero and Julian Schwinger, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 for his work in the field of quantum electrodynamics.
In 1916, Robert Millikan confirmed Einstein’s equation for the kinetic energy of the electron and Planck’s constant.
Loved One’s are Before All Have you ever had to choose between family or friends? I know I have. Throughout the short story “To Sleep Under the Stars,” Cecilia has to choose between going on her astronomical class trip or visiting her recovering grandmother. Although Cecilia is unhappy about missing her school trip, she begins to lighten up as she builds a close and strong bond with her grandmother.
He later became interested in physics, through the inspiration of Dirac, Turing and Godel. He attended their lectures at Cambridge and found them fascinating. However, he continued his works in mathematics, receiving a Ph.D in Algebraic Geometry. He is famous for his aperiodic tilings, his collaboration with Stephen Hawking on black holes, and especially for his books on consciousness such as The Emporer's New Mind. A less-well-known achievement on his part was the development of twistor geometry, a concept that will be explained in further depth later on.
In 1793 he moved to Manchester, this is where he would remain the rest of his life. Dalton was influenced greatly by the mathematician John Gough. Dalton, while in Manchester, became the teacher of math and philosophy at a college. He taught there until 1799. Dalton became a chemist and physicist after his teaching jobs.
Scientists from earlier times helped influence the discoveries that lead to the development of atomic energy. In the late 1800’s, Dalton created the Atomic Theory which explains atoms, elements and compounds (Henderson 1). This was important to the study of and understanding of atoms to future scientists. The Atomic Theory was a list of scientific laws regarding atoms and their potential abilities. Roentagen, used Dalton’s findings and discovered x-rays which could pass through solid objects (Henderson 1). Although he did not discover radiation from the x-rays, he did help lay the foundations for electromagnetic waves. Shortly after Roentagen’s findings, J.J. Thompson discovered the electron which was responsible for defining the atom’s characteristics (Henderson 2). The electron helped scientists uncover why an atom responds to reactions the way it does and how it received its “personality”. Dalton’s, Roentagen’s and Thompson’s findings helped guide other scientists to discovering the uses of atomic energy and reactions. Such applications were discovered in the early 1900’s by using Einstein’s equation, which stated that if a chain reaction occurred, cheap, reliable energy could b...