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We have done a lot of research about space and have learned a lot with the technology we have. One of the main mysteries that we have not understood much is “the hole”. When I say “the hole” I mean the three main ones the black hole, white hole, and the wormhole. Each one is important in their own way, but this paper will be focused on black holes. I will briefly touch on theories that involve time travel, white holes, and wormholes.
The scientist who came up with the name was John A Wheeler. John invented the theory of nuclear fission. He was a student of Niels Bohr, the scientist who made a newer model of the atom. John was also apart of the Manhattan project with many other scientists.
What is a black hole? A black hole is a great amount of matter packed into a very small area. Think of it this way: imagine our sun compacted into Austin, Texas. Phenomenal cosmic power in an itty-bitty living space.
Black holes were predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity. According to Space.com “In 1905, Albert Einstein determined that the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers, and that the speed of light in a vacuum was independent of the motion of all observers. This was the theory of special relativity. It introduced a new framework for all of physics and proposed new concepts of space and time. Einstein then spent ten years trying to include acceleration in the theory and published his theory of general relativity in 1915. In it, he determined that massive objects cause a distortion in space-time, which is felt as gravity.”
A black hole is created from a sun going into a supernova. It starts in the middle of the sun. Its mass collapses on itself to create a super nova. Once the supernova happens ...
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...Mind blown. It is unclear how this happens.
Here is a way to compare the differences between Reissner–Nordström and Schwarzschild. Close your eyes and imagine a big tall waterfall with smooth walls and at the bottom is a hole that is never ending next to that one is another waterfall this one has rocks here and there that the water hits. It two also goes in the same hole. this is the differences from those two types of holes. In Reissner–Nordström the picture on the right is represented by the waterfall with rocks because of the switch. The “rocks” act are the repulsion of gravity. It is not as strong as the full black holes gravity but strong enough to slow it down abit. the Schwarzschild black hole just goes in as quick as possible. sorta like a chugging contest you want to get as much in as possible the quickest but the black hole never gets full until it dies.
Physicists started to realize that stable nuclei can be converted to unstable nuclei. Through such process, they discovered that heavy nuclei can undergo nuclear fission. While testing, they added a neutron to an isotope of Uranium 235. This resulted Uranium 235 to become unstable and break down into Barium and Krypton, releasing two to three more neutrons. The breakdown of Uranium 235 is called “fission”.
It is believed that super massive black holes exist in the cores of many large galaxies, including the Milky Way galaxy, which is our galaxy. (Swinburne University 2014). It is believed that a normal black holes were formed because of a supernova explosion of a gigantic star, meaning when huge stars collapse, so the larger the star, the larger the black hole. ( Millis 2014) . So therefore a simple idea of how a super massive black hole might have been formed would be because of a collision of super enormous star or a collision of star clusters (star clouds). (Super massive black holes 2014)
Black holes were originally thought to have only mere mathematical concepts. There was seemingly no possible way to compress any object into a space small enough to equal to its schwarzschild radius. Later however, astronomer Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar calculated that stars much larger than our own sun should theoretically be able to collapse into a black hole (UTFC). A star is like a blown up balloon with the force of gravity trying to compress the balloon inwards and the air trying to push the balloon outwards. Likewise, stars are held in balance by gravity trying to collapse the star inwards going against the outwards pressure of the internal reactions of the star called nuclear fusion.
...onding research are amongst the biggest names in the scientific world. Einstein of course, who laid the foundations. Karl Schwarzschild, who was at the forefront on picking up where Einstein left - Frank Tipler, who devised one of the first models of a time machine; and inspired a generation – Kip Thorne who opened the possibilities of wormholes in the fabric of space-time – and Stephen Hawking, who has explicitly shown a repeated interest in the topic. Even then that’s just to name a few! In the coming chapters I will analyse their work, and investigating whether in principle it is realistically possible to build a working time machine, given our current state of technological and physical progress as a civilization.
Before I begin to speak about black holes, I will have to explain what the white glowing specks in the sky are. Without a star a black hole could not be formed. In the beginning of a star life a hydrogen is a major part of its development. Stars form from the condensation of clouds of gas that contain hydrogen. Then atoms of the cloud are pulled together by gravity. The energy produced from the cloud is so great when it first collides, that a nuclear reaction occurs. The gasses within the star starts to burn continuously. The hydrogen gas is usually the first type of gas consumed in a star and then other gas elements such as carbon, oxygen, and helium are consumed. This chain reaction of explosions fuels the star for millions or billions of years depending on the amount of gases there are.
A Black Hole is an object that is so dense not even light can escape its gravity.
Space has been mesmerizing humans since the beginning of time; from the fascinated star-gazing child to the great minds of Plato, Aristotle, and Galileo. Space contains countless mysteries. One of these mysteries is black holes. As far as information about space goes, scientists know a moderate amount of information about black holes. Scientists know how black holes are made, how they affect objects around them, and how to spot them in space.
Einstein and Newton are the most popular explanations of gravity to this day. After Einstein, there have been some new theories trying to disprove him. One new popular theory is called emergent gravity and it tries to explain the motions of stars in space. There are many conceptions about gravity that confuse many people. Many people believe space does not have gravity, which is understandable however this is false. Another common misconception is that objects that are farther apart have a strong gravity pull on each other, Newton proved this to be incorrect (“Gravity Misconceptions”). The simple basics of gravity are understood by scientists, but there is still no exact answer that explains just how gravity
The discovery of fission occurred during a time of great turmoil. Two German physicists then later verified by two Jewish refugee physicists discovered it. Italian Physicists Enrico Fermi later discovered the unique quality of fission that was induced by neutrons but also produced neutrons. This created the idea of a self-sustaining chain reaction, and the large amount of energy found within a nucleus was now accessible at a large scale (Nuclear weapons section, para 1).
Furthermore, wormholes are the key to more advanced space travel and maybe even time travel. But before any of this can happen, the scientific community must study the anatomy and functions of these unique areas in space. The grandfather paradox, the gravity of wormholes and the fact that wormholes are only a shortcut, are just a few theories that will help tell if wormholes are the hidden piece to traveling in time.
In This Paper, I will explain the possibility of time travel to the future yet the implications preventing time travel to the past using topics from Physics and how they relate to the paradoxes of time travel. The Paradox of time Travel include the Predestination paradox, faster than light travel paradox, and the Grandfather Paradox.
Einstein himself, working at Princeton with Nathan Rosen had discovered that the equations of relativity actually represent a black hole as a bridge between two regions of flat space-time, a phenomenon known as the “Einstein-Rosen Bridge”. Later on, in 1963, the New Zealand mathematician Roy Kerr found that if a black hole is rotating, a singularity still forms, but in the form of a ring, not a point. It was believed that in principle, a particle may be able to fall towards the singularity, but if at some point moved through the hole instead of the ring, the particle may not be lost forever. Therefore, with these theories in mind, a particle falling into a black hole will fall through the ring that the singularity has become, then going through the Einstein-Rosen Bridge, eventually being spewed out of the white hole into another space-time continuum.
Chapter 6 talks about the life and function of a black hole. The term black hole was originated by a scientist named John Wheeler. To understand the birth of a black hole, the knowledge of the life cycle of a star is crucial. A star is formed when a large amount of gas (mostly made of from hydrogen) collapsed on itself and the atoms collide. At some point the heat will be so high due to the collision of atoms that all motion will stop which is what causes a star to shine.
Black holes are the result of the death of a massive star, leaving behind a dense remnant core that eventually collapses to create a gravitational force so strong that nothing, including light, can escape the force. The theory that black holes existed started back in the early 1900s and since then astronomers and scientists have been trying to get a better understanding of them. This phenomenon has been a working progress for astronomers and scientists for many years and as we develop a better understanding of our solar system, the more likely it is to make a significant discovery that can answer some of the most difficult questions about our incredible galaxy and solar system. The more information we are able to acquire about our universe, the more questions we might be able to answer about our existence. With advancements in technology we may be able to see some significant discoveries and insights into the world of black holes.