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The effects of classical and operant conditioning
The effects of classical and operant conditioning
The effects of classical and operant conditioning
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I think I’m more a product of conditioning but if I could choose one over the other I would pick learning through observation and insight. Learning through conditioning is not very creative or intensive on the brain. This learning method although may be very effective for learning new things that are unfamiliar. The way conditioning works is, when you do preform an action that is seen as the correct behavior you get rewarded. This is called positive reinforcement, it encourages you to behave in this way again. An example of this might be when you get a good grade on a test and your parent rewards you for it by giving you money. A second type of reinforcement is negative reinforcement. This method is not as effective as positive reinforcement but still works well. …show more content…
Sternberg’s theory is composed of three sub parts; analytical, creative, and practical. Analytical intelligence refers to one’s ability to take apart and solve problems that do not seem so simple to solve. For example being able to solve complex math problems with less effort than people who have less analytical intelligence. This type of intelligence is the one that is most commonly tested, usually in school and in IQ tests. People with lower analytical intelligence usually have a harder time in school and have lower IQ scores making this seem like an unfair way to test intelligence. The second type of intelligence mentioned by Sternberg is creative intelligence. Creative intelligence deals with how well one can perform a task depending on how familiar the task is. People with higher creative intelligence can usually perform an unfamiliar task fairly well, compared to people with lower creative intelligence. The third type of intelligence that Sternberg theorizes is practical intelligence. Commonly referred to as “street smarts” this type of intelligence refers to people who can quickly adapt to the demands of the
General intelligence tends to relate to various degrees with each other (Cohen 2012). An example of this is that if an individual is good in math, they may also be good in spelling. In this weeks reading we reviewed several different models of measurement of intelligence. In regard to these theories and general intelligence (g), the theories are various but have commonality and overlap. The Spearman's two-factor theory is if a test has high correlation with other test than the measurement of g is highly saturated (Cohen, 2012). The greater the importance of g on a test, the better the test is believed to predict intelligence
The 16th century was a time of social, political, and religious change in Europe. The Protestant
One such theory is that of Sternberg; Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence categorizes intelligence into three different types: analytical, creative, and practical (Santrock, 2017, pg. 292). Another theory about types of intelligence is Gardner's Eight Frames of Mind. Gardner's Eight Frames of Mind consists of eight categories that describe different types of intelligence, these categories include: verbal, mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist (Santrock, 2017, pg. 293). The importance of recognizing that there are different types of intelligence is that it redefines the way one looks at intelligence as a whole. For instance, say a person is not skilled in mathematics and fails majority of their math courses, one may think this person is just not intelligent. However, acknowledging the different types of intelligence would help one to see that while they may not be a person who is skilled in mathematics, they may be incredibly musically skilled or be great with interpersonal
I have never thought anything of my type of intelligence until we started discussing two psychologists theories about different types of intelligence in class. According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, I feel my profile would fit more in the analytic intelligence and slightly in the practical intelligence. Sternberg's analysis of analytic intelligent people says, "They often are considered to be "smart" students who get good grades, show up in high-level tracks, do well on traditional tests of intelligence and the SAT, and later get admitted to competitive colleges" (Santrock, 2013, p. 300). This statement makes me believe that this fits my profile more than the other intelligence he listed because I was accepted into Our Lady of the Lake college as well as did extremely well on my ACT test. In Gardner's eight frames of mind, I feel as though I identify with several frames such as; verbal, mathematical, bodily kinesthetic, and interpersonal.
Howard Gardner’s theory contains eight main multiple intelligence. As the years have progressed there have taken one out and is left with the main seven. These seven are: Linguistic, Mathematical, Spatial, bodily, Musical, Interpersonal, and Intrapersonal. These are found in everyone; however, each person will excel in one or two. Once teachers can determine what intelligence the students will exceed on and teach to their strengths the student will learn much more.
Charles Spearman's model of intelligence and Howard Gardner's multiple intelligence theory are two of the most widely used theories of intelligence. In order to understand how similar the two theories are we must first understand their differences. These two men differed in opinion on how IQ and intelligence should be measured, and they differed in opinion on what made a person "smart". In order to examine these things they first had to understand the human brain and how it works. They had to examine the human study habits and rituals, along with the human test taking habits.
The two main forms of conditioning, are classical conditioning (learning by association), and operant condition (learning from consequences).Classical conditioning, is the learning process in which one is conditioned (learns) to respond to a neutral stimulus as if it were a meaningful stimulus. In operant conditioning, learning occurs through associations made between a behavior and the consequence that follows.
First of all, the Catholic Church taught that spiritual authority originated from the Pope; however Luther maintained that the word of God as recorded in the Bible was a higher power that overruled the authority of Rome (3). Luther declared: “The ungodly papists prefer the authority of the church far above God’s Word; a blasphemy abominable and not to be endured; wherewith, void of all shame and piety, they spit in God’s face” (4). Catholic priests served as
According to Sternberg’s Theory of Intelligence, Hector’s difficulty in philosophy will not negatively affect his future. Sternberg would instead focus on elements of successful intelligence like Hector’s involvement and contribution as an individual, as opposed to relying on intelligence measured by tests. Sternberg theorized that a person’s true worth of intelligence was measured based on his information-processing skills such as his metacomponents, performance components, and knowledge-acquisition components; his overall life experience and ability to handle and solve problems; and his context, or ability to adapt to his
Through the contrasting ideas of the Church and Protestants, a major conflict between the two emerged. The church minister had spoken the Bible in Latin, where the congregation could not understand what the priest was saying. Furthermore, the Catholic Church started to sell indulgences during the Middle Ages. When one bought an indulgence for a certain amount of money, it guaranteed that the individual would not have to go through purgatory for a long time to reach God in heaven. Many Protestants disagreed with this idea because they thought that the idea of indulgences were “a bribe” to get into heaven. Another teaching that the Protestants disagreed with the Church was the teaching of being saved by good deeds. The Protestants believed in that one is saved by God’s grace and not by works. Moreover, the Protestants first peacefully talked about the problems in the Church but the Church were ignorant and did not want to respond to the Protestants.
Sternberg’s theory defines intelligence as mental activity directed towards purposive adaption to, selection and shaping of, real-world environments relevant to one’s life (Santrock, 2013). According to Sternberg intelligence is more than just a single, general ability, he proposed successful intelligence consist of three factors. The three factors include analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence (Santrock, 2014).
I. Introduction of classical conditioning Classical conditioning also called as Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning. It is a kind of learning a new behavior through association that when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and evokes a conditioned response (CR). It also is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus (Cherry, 2014). Classical conditioning has much strength such as can help to explain all aspects of human behavior and many of advertisers will use classical conditioning to advertise their produces, however it also have some weaknesses such as all classical conditioning responses must involve a reflex and classical conditioning is a completely physical process, learning is not important as reflected in scenario. This paper will talk about the strengths and the weaknesses of classical conditioning theory followed by a brief description of the scenario and the strengths and weaknesses of applying classical conditioning on it.
There are many differences and similarities between each of these learning processes. For example, classical conditioning involves only involuntary or reflex responses where as operant conditioning involves both involuntary and voluntary reflexes. These different learning processes can be used independently in many different situations. Where Classical conditioning may be more effective in one situation it may be useless in another. For this reason each of these learning processes, Classical and operant conditioning, and observational and insight learning are each as important and effective as the other.
Learning is defined as a “process of change that occurs as a result of an individual’s experience” (Mazure, 2006). Researchers assume that the process of learning follows certain general principles, which were developed, into the general process learning theories. These include operant conditioning and classical conditioning which has been put forward by leading psychologists like Pavlov, B.F.Skinner and Thorndike. However, in learning, operant and classical conditoning are opposed by biological constraints that state that there are limitations to the theories. Some of these biological constraints on learning will be discussed below.
Howard Gardner, a professor at Harvard, introduced his theory of multiple intelligences in 1983. Multiple intelligence’s is a theory about the brain that says human beings are born with single intelligence that cannot be changed, and is measurable by a psychologist. Gardner believes that there are eight different intelligences in humans. The eight are verbal linguistic, visual spatial, bodily kinesthetic, mathematical logic, musical, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist. Understanding these intelligence’s will help us to design our classroom and curriculum in a way that will appeal to all of our students. We might also be able to curve discipline problems by reaching a student in a different way. One that will make more sense to them and more enjoyable. We can include all of the intelligences in lessons to accommodate all of the students’ different learning styles at once. By reaching each students intelligence we can assume that a student will perform better which, could mean students retaining more important information. A students learning style can also help lead them into a more appropriate career direction. As a teacher you can also learn your own personal learning style or intelligence to help improve the way you learn and teach.