Steganography is the art and science of communicating in a way which hides the existence of the communication. In contrast to Cryptography, where the enemy is allowed to detect, intercept, modify messages without being able to violate certain security premises guaranteed by a cryptosystem, the goal of steganographic method is that no one will be able to know whether anything is hidden in the image or not. For hiding secret message in images, there exists a large variety of steganographic techniques some are more complex than others and all of them have respective strong and weak points. Different applications have different requirements of the steganography technique used. Based on the PSNR value of each images, the stego image has a higher PSNR value. The proposed algorithm is based on merge between the idea from the random pixel manipulation methods and Least Significant (LSB) matching of Steganography embedding and extracting method.
Index Terms— Steganography , stego image, LSB algorithm,
Image steganography is about hiding the message inside a message without any visible modifications to the real world. Digital image is the most common type of carrier used for steganography. A digital image is composed of finite number of elements each of which has a particular location and value (gray scale). The processing of these digital images by means of a digital Computer is referred as digital image processing. Images are used for steganography in following ways. The message in encrypted form or in the original form is embedded as the secret message to be sent into a graphic file. This results in the production of what is called a stego-image. Additional secret data may be needed in the hiding process e.g. a stegokey. The stego-imag...
... middle of paper ...
...ssage should be retrieved at the output side.It should be designed in such a way that user should be able to understand it easily . Compared to existing systems the performance of our proposed algorithm should be better i.e it should be robust, the capacity of message that could be hided in the image should be more and no one should be able to find any difference in the stego image and the original image
To implement our algorithm in real word we use FPGA Spartan Edk3 kit so that the transmission of the stegoimage is possible and the secrecy of the image remains compact to the user only.For implementing this hardware we use Xilinx 10.1 software so that we can transfer the programmings to the kit and we would be able to execute it. Here we use hyperterminals to see retrieved message and visual basic dialog box to retrieve the image out reading the pixel values.
The United States government has been known to high known secrets from the public. Now the public wants to know what they have been hiding and why it was so needed to be under cover that they had to literally have many cover ups like with the UFOs and with the Watergate scandal and with other many scandals that or cover ups that happened in the United States. The best solution to this problem would be to have where the United States government reveals the secrets to the public without scaring the public into doing other stuff and causing riots there should be a limitation on what we should know. The point that needs to be saying is that the government wants to scare the people into thinking that if they can find out all the information because
Surveillance is the monitoring of behaviour. In addition, surveillance system is the process of monitoring the behaviour of people, objects or processes within systems for conformity to expected or desired norms in trusted systems for security control (Cohen and Medioni, 1999). Video surveillance systems have existed 25 years ago whereby it started with 100% analogue system and gradually becoming digital system. The closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera is the most popular video surveillance because of its reliability and low price. The camera does not broadcast images but it records them, so that user can always check to see what occurred while they were away. It is widely used at public spaces and residences for security purposes.
A theme in “Our Secret,” by Susan Griffin that is developed through the character of Himmler, and the symbolism with the development of a cell is that if individuals hide constantly behind masks, they will struggle internally.
The methods discussed above have a few limitations such as the detection methods fail when measures such as blur are used to conceal the sharp edges disturbances after splicing. The requirement of edges to be wide for reliable extraction is also a limitation. Moreover minor and localized tampering may go undetected.
Video is one of the most compelling forms of communication of this time. Over the course of the past few years, the gradual but sure drift from analog to digital in video technology has not only improved the abilities of visual communication media to distribute data, but has also improved their abilities to manipulate the data that they distribute. Digital video technology has advanced to the extent that still image manipulation has been usurped by more powerful technological developments that allow elements of a video image to be manipulated in real-time. That is, objects or persons in a video image can be edited out or edited in while the image is in broadcast without the slightest glitch to suggest that some change has occurred; everything would look “real.” The advantages that this technology opens for visual media are extensive. Similar to some technologies, however, it opens up an exploitive edge. Pixels are plastic (can be changed) and using them to distort or manipulate reality is an opportunity open to all users of video manipulation tools. The ethics of such uses and the social considerations of how copyright laws would deal with a technology which manipulates digital works of authorship, works to which copyright automatically attaches, are issues worth considering. This paper explores the possible and actual, reputable and less reputable uses of this technology in an attempt to stimulate discussions about how “well-intended” technologies can be utilized by users in unethical and harmful ways. The paper also attempts to see where possible infringements of copyright’s fair use doctrine has occurred or could possibly occur through use of this technology.
The worldwide demand for high potency sweeteners is expected to rise especially with the new practice of blending various sweeteners; the demand for alternatives is expected to increase. The sweet herb of Paraguay; Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni produces; in its leave;, such an alternative with the added advantage that stevia sweeteners are natural products. The sweet steviol glycosides have sensory & functional & properties superior to those of other high potency sweeteners. Stevia is to become a major source of high potency sweetener for the increasing natural food market in the coming future.
Hackers and terrorists have been using this form of technology for years. The United States governmental officials had suspected an attack on the United States for a period of time and thought the information to be hidden using steganography. Anyone can use and get access to steganographic materials. It's easy to download on numerous sights and no software is required. It's an easy and cheap way to keep information secure and undetectable. The number of steganography sites has doubled in the past two years (Kolata, F4). The United States government is also trying to place restrictions on encryption methods to prevent another catastrophic attack in the world such as the World Trade Center attacks. By having access to a private key the government would have unlimited access to secure information and crack codes all for safety reasons (USA Today). A " private key" is needed to decode any steganographic messages. Images are made up from a combination of an abundant of pixels (tiny dots).
Cheating is a big issue that has reached the most competitive campuses around the United States. It is increasing more and more with the new technology that we have in the 21st century because students have easy access to many sources of information. Cheating is something all students have done at some point in their lives, but as they reach a higher academic level, they are faced with more rigorous consequences that can affect their futures in many different ways. Cheating might be seen as an easy way to obtain a good grade, get into a good college, or maintain scholarships or financial aid, but the consequences could affect the life and the future of the student.
Academic knowledge is the basis on which future prosperity, and financial security has been determined. As a consequence, students feel inclined to perform above average in school. Now, as students perform less and less, they sink to obtain good grades by cheating. This method to acquire the desired grades will only harm the student, instead of the imagined result. Prompted by a child’s inability to perform basic tasks throughout his education , academic cheating spawns numerous negative consequences.
Academic dishonesty, specifically cheating and plagiarism, recently has increased in popularity. Students often justify unethical academic behavior. Technological innovations, like the cellular telephone, have provided students with new methods of cheating. Plagiarism has also been influenced through technologies, specifically internet companies have emerged that provide unethical solutions to academic assignments.
Cryptography the method of applying protocols to information to make it seem like nonsense to hurt those who do not know the protocols. Cryptology is used to encrypt messages and create secure codes; the earliest known use of Cryptographs was in Egyptian times but over time several different types of cryptographs were made today we use it to keep information secure and to create registration numbers.
Individual privacy and confidentiality play a role in both research and clinical health care settings. In each instance, standards and expectations put in place by researchers and health care practitioners to follow to protect patients and research participants while interacting with them. The evolving health care system and convergence of research and treatment protocols to create learning health care systems (LHCS) are creating the need to look at patient confidentiality and privacy differently to protect them and their information.
In this era when the Internet provides essential communication between tens of millions of people and is being increasingly used as a tool for security becomes a tremendously important issue to deal with, So it is important to deal with it. There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. One essential aspect for secure communications is that of cryptography. But it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications, it is not by itself sufficient. Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and is an ancient art; In the old age people use to send encoded message which can be understand by the receiver only who know the symbolic and relative meaning of that encoded message .The first documented use of cryptography in writing dates back to circa 1900 B.C. Egyptian scribe used non-standard hieroglyphs in an inscription. After writing was invented cryptography appeared spontaneously with applications ranging from diplomatic missives to war-time battle plans. It is no surprise, then, that new forms of cryptography came soon after the widespread development of computer communications. In telecommunications and data cryptography is necessary when communicating in any untrusted medium, which includes any network, particularly the Internet [1].Within the context of any application-to-application communication, there are some security requirements, including:
Oftentimes, a person can look at an image and draw a conclusion about it, only to find out later that he or she was incorrect. This phenomenon is due to what is called an optical illusion, in which an image is perceived incorrectly to be something else. This leads to the questions, why do optical illusions occur, and what can be done about them?
Cheating among students has been a well-known problem which is difficult to gain knowledge of. There are different ways of cheating in exam; students can copy from each other, write short notes on their hands or other body parts, use of mobile phones, and others methods. Therefore, the intent of this paper is to discuss the causes and effects of exam cheating.