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Essay on History of Speech Language Pathology
Essay on History of Speech Language Pathology
Essay on History of Speech Language Pathology
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Research began in the field of speech and language disorders back in the early nineteenth century. The first research began with individuals that were deaf/hard of hearing. Researchers were trying to find ways to help them communicate by helping them develop speech and using sign language. However, after this began researchers wanted to look more into helping individuals that had problems with speech not just to individuals who where deaf. The education of students with speech and language disorders began with physicians providing medical and clinical treatment. Meanwhile, as the interest for the need to correct speech increased more professionals became interested in being educated as speech clinicians. It was in 1930 that the first speech and language pathologist program was founded. The first academy of speech was known as the American Academy of Speech correction founded in 1925. Eventually over time this group became know as the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Like other fields associated with serving students with disabilities, this organization set the guidelines for professional practices. At the turn of the twentieth century, many interventions for students with speech and language disorders began in the public schools. After the passing of public law 94-142, these mandated students began to receive speech services in public schools. When speech therapist began servicing students it was in large groups. Unfortunately, due to meeting the needs of the individual students there was a decrease in teacher caseloads. In reading the text, there are many definitions associated with the field of speech and language disorders. The term speech and language disorder is used to identify all disorders that fall under this category. IDEA uses the term speech and language impairments. This term defines having communication disorders such as stuttering, articulation problems, and language or voice impairments that can affect a child’s education. In some states, students can receive speech as a special education with related services without having another disability. However in other states, if a student qualifies for speech services they only receive speech and do not qualify for special education and its related services. There are many characteristics that are used to identify students with speech and language disorders. As described in the text, a speech disorder involves deficits in the areas of voice, resonance, articulation, or fluency. Children that have voice disorders usually have difficulty with pitch, intensity, vocal quality, or resonance. Students that have speech and language disorders may have characteristics such as hearing impairments, cognitive or intellectual disabilities.
He did not exhibit having nodules, polyps, or any damaging affects to his vocal folds. Concerning resonance, the quality of a sound that stays loud, clear, and deep for a long time, Geoff did not exhibit a hoarse voice, an overly high-pitched voice, or issues with loudness or quality in general. The case study did not touch on voice and resonance problems with him. A normal range of voice and resonance limits for Geoff is assumed of as the reader. Regarding fluency, this is the area that Geoff is the most impaired in since stuttering is classified as a fluency disorder. Geoff’s parents report that he has been stuttering since the age of 3. They also reported that his stuttering would come and go, and that he would have “fluent periods that lasted two months”. His parents believed that he would outgrow his stutter because of the long periods of fluency. However, once Geoff was evaluated by a SLP, he was diagnosed with having a severe stutter. On a scale of healthy fluencies, the average person is only 2-5% disfluent. Since Geoff has a severe stutter, it can be assumed that he scored higher than an 8% overall disfluent
Now, for a main question that crosses most people’s mind. How much money do speech-language pathology make hourly and yearly? As of 2012 the median pay was $69,870 and about $34 an hour. The reasoning upon having a median wage is when they take half of the workers of a profession earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10% have earned less than $44,000 and the top 10% made more than $105,000 (Bureau of Labor Statistics). Even when some made the lowest they still are making pretty good money. Since a person now knows about the pay, job requirements, schooling and what speech-language pathologist is, now would be a good time to talk about the age groups that speech problems can happen in.
Vogel, S. A. and M. Moran. "Written language disorders in learning disabled college students - a preliminary report." In Coming of Age: The Best of ACLD - 1982. Eds. W. Cruickshank and J. Lerner. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1982.
Lee, Hepburn, Mares, Hoffman, Squire, and the American-Speech-Language-Hearing Association all dove into the topic of how important speech pathology is, especially in the school systems. Lee and Hepburn brought up the important fact that speech programs have actually been taken out of more schools instead of being spread throughout the systems. Mares, Hoffman, Squire, and the American-Speech-Language-Hearing Association all gave us more insight to the world of speech pathology. Now we must go out and use that insight to spread, not take away from programs that are built to aid those in
Autism is a form of neurodevelopment disorder in the autism spectrum disorders. It is characterized by impaired development in social interactions and communication, both verbal and non-verbal. There is an observed lack of spontaneous acts of communication; both receptive and expressed, as well as speech impairments. A person diagnosed with Autism will also show a limited range of activities and interests, as well as forming and maintain peer relationships. The individuals will display limited interests, which are often very focused and repetitive. He or she is likely to be very routine oriented and may show behavioral symptoms such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggressiveness, and self-injurious behaviors.
Improvement can be made through physicians, special education, physical therapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and psychology (Roizen, 2007).... ... middle of paper ... ... pp.
(Hartford, 2017) After the Deaf began to flourish by expanding their community in creating clubs, schools, and deaf safe zones where they could gather, in the 1860s Alexander Graham Bell started to spread the belief that those who can speak and hear are inherently superior. He wanted to wipe the U.S. clean of what he thought to be hereditary deafness, going as far as to strongly advocate against deaf intermarriage and removing Deaf faculty from schools. (Padden and Malzkuhn, 2007) Later in 1880, delegates met at the request of Bell to discuss deaf education. As a result, a resolution passed that encouraged spoken language, thus banning sign language in schools. This only ended in 1980 during the International Congress on Education of the Deaf when it was declared that deaf children had the right to use the mode of communication that met their needs and successfully overturned Congress’ 1880 ban. (Padden and Malzkuhn, 2007) Fortunately, it is now often allowed for deaf students to have access to an interpreter in a public hearing school. In younger grades especially though, it is hard to determine how much of the educational content can be understood and if an interpreter that lacks skill affects academic achievement.(Anita, 2013) The Deaf in the U.S. now receive better treatment than before but that does not mean they
Dyslexia is a language based learning disorder that is grounded in the neurobiology of the brain. The disorder interferes with the processing and comprehension of both spoken and written language. Often there are other associated symptoms such as poor spelling, writing, handwriting and occasionally arithmetic (1). People do not read or write backwards as is depicted by the media. Nor is it a disorder of laziness or lack of intelligence.
It’s interesting to know that clinics like the one I volunteer for are approved by the Department of Education and can provide additional services to children who need them. I have been told by quite a few people that in the past, speech-language pathologists had to know a little bit of everything, and while that still holds true today, specialized speech-language pathologists are becoming more of the norm. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association offers SLPs the opportunity to receive their Clinical Specialty Certification, which is a step beyond the Certificate of Clinical Competence. These areas include Child Language and Language Disorders, Fluency and Fluency Disorders, Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders, and Intraoperative Monitoring; Auditory Verbal Therapy (AVT), what the SLP that worked with Student A was certified in, is governed by the Alexander Graham Bell Academy for Listening and Spoken Language. As a future speech-language pathologist, I will be able to refer a child whose speech and language issues go beyond hearing loss to the appropriate SLP and work collaboratively with him/her; educators will be able to advocate for their
Apraxia of speech is a well-known disease among children around the entire world. There are many stories out there about children having apraxia of speech as well as overcoming it. A story about a girl named Big Sister inspired me and made me want to know more about apraxia. According to “This Simple Home” a young girl with the name of Big Sister showed early signs of apraxia but nobody wanted to believe it. She was always such a happy baby but she didn’t babble or have any sounds. She had no throaty signs, the only sound was mmm-mmm while she was eating, which didn’t start until the age of five. She did laugh and giggle and cry though. They began teaching her sign language so that she could communicate around the age of two and people around them thought that they were crazy for doing so. Around the age of fifteen months their pediatrician encouraged them to go get a hearing evaluation as well as a speech evaluation. From there they started therapy. She had a Speech and Language Pathologist (SLP) and by her second birthday she was having a couple word approximations. Then from there she began to improve. (Annette, 2012)
The classroom is a diverse place where learners from all different genres of life meet. Included in these learners are those that display learning disabilities. According to the British Columbia School Superintendent’s Association, ‘learning disabilities refer to a number of conditions that might affect the acquisition, organization, retention, understanding or use of verbal or nonverbal information. These disorders affect learning in individuals who otherwise demonstrate at least average abilities essential for thinking and/or reasoning’. They also posit that ‘learning disabilities result from impairments in one or more processes related to perceiving, thinking, remembering or learning. These include, but are not limited to language processing,
“Education of physically, mentally, and emotionally handicapped children in the United States, until the 1960’s was provided through a mixture of institutionalization, private tutoring, private schooling, or state-run schools for the handicapped” (Human and Civil Rights: Essential Primary Sources). Before President Gerald R. Ford signed the Education for all Handicapped Children Act on December 2, 1975, “students with such conditions that prevented or hampered walking, developmental disabilities, or genetic conditions, such as Down Syndrome were often ignored, institutionalized, or kept at home without schooling” (Human and Civil Rights: Essential Primary Sources). After this act was enacted, the view of “special needs” was reformed. Individuals understood the concept more thoroughly, and tended to be more accepting to the idea. “The understanding of dyslexia, attention deficit disorder, auditory processing disorder, speech and language disorders, and other behavioral and neurological disorders improved” (Human and Civil Rights: Essential Primary Sources). The Education for All Handicapped Children Act in 1975 required that all children, regardless of severity of disability must receive FAPE from their local public school district. The significance o...
Communication is very crucial in life, especially in education. Whether it be delivering a message or receiving information, without the ability to communicate learning can be extremely difficult. Students with speech and language disorders may have “trouble producing speech sounds, using spoken language to communicate, or understanding what other people say” (Turkington, p10, 2003) Each of these problems can create major setbacks in the classroom. Articulation, expression and reception are all essential components for communication. If a student has an issue with articulation, they most likely then have difficulty speaking clearly and at a normal rate (Turkington, 2003). When they produce words, they may omit, substitute, or even distort sounds, hindering their ability to talk. Students who lack in ways of expression have problems explaining what they are thinking and feeling because they do not understand certain parts of language. As with all types of learning disabilities, the severity can range. Two extreme cases of expression disorders are dysphasia and aphasia, in which there is partial to no communication at all (Greene, 435, 2002). Individuals can also have a receptive disorder, in which they do not fully comprehend and understand information that is being given to them. They can experience problems making sense of things. “Children may hear or see a word but not be able to understand its meaning” (National Institutes of Health, 1993, p1). Whether children have difficulty articulating speech, expressing words, receiving information, or a combination of the three, there is no doubt that the tasks given to them in school cause frustration. These children experience anxiety when...
Since the enactment of Public Law 94-142 (The Education for All Handicapped Children Act) in 1975, approximately one-half of all hearing impaired students in the United States have had the opportunity to be mainstreamed into regular education classrooms. This law was intended to ensure that any student with disabilities had access to a ."..free and appropriate education as identified in each child's IEP."
Dyslexia is when a person has difficulty translating language to thought or thought to language. This person would have problems with expressive and/or receptive oral and written language; you would see trouble with reading, spelling, writing, speaking, listening, and mathematics.