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Spanish Inquisition (1478-1834): In the late 1400s, Catholic Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand wanted to establish Spain as a Catholic country. They wanted everyone in their kingdom to be Catholic. The Spanish Inquisition was the Roman Catholic court to find the Muslims and Jews practicing their own religion against Christianity. In the year of 1492 the last Muslim country Granada fell to Spanish rule, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand had completed the Reconquista and the Inquisition that affected many Jews, Muslims and Christians started taking serious effects.
Jewish Perspective: According to Britannica: “Anti-Semitism had come and go in the Jewish communities in Spain. Overall, there were many Jews living in Spain, but in the year of 1391
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Jews like these were known as Marranos; where they were believed by Tomas de Torquemada a Dominican Monk to be a greater threat to Spain and the Christians than the ones who had rejected to be converted”. “The first grand inquisitor in Spain; Tomas de Torquemada tortured his victims which were Jews and terrorized them at the time where it was considered cruel. Around 2,000 people had been executed in front of a large crowd, this was a gathering almost like a ritual” ("Spanish Inquisition." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 19 Dec. 2017. school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/William-Jennings-Bryan/624066#327585.toc. Accessed 9 Feb. 2018). According to Oxford University Press (OUP) “By the year of 1492 on the day of March 30, Granada the last Muslim power fell to the Christians. Due to this, Tomas de Torquemada finally convinced Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand to enact a policy where Spanish Jews had a 4-month choice to be baptized or to be exiled from the country. Many Spanish Jews had helped develop the Spanish culture, with their food and practices but since Tomas de Torquemada had the belief that Jews would ruin Christian Spanish Society, he persuaded Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand to
A Vanished World: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Medieval Spain is survey medieval Spain, where Christians, Jews, and Muslims once lived side by side and the Muslims were in charge. The book tries to lead the reader to the conclusion that there is indeed a historical precedent for the three major religions establishing a beneficially symbiotic relationship which may be an enduring lesson for coexistence. The author, Chris Lowney, is an ex-Jesuit and holds degrees in medieval history and philosophy.
The Ottomans and Spanish built flourishing empires based on different philosophies from 1450 to 1800. The Ottoman and Spanish were two powerful empires during that time. During the building of the two empires, the Spanish and the Ottoman both developed similarities in their social, political, and economic structures. The Ottoman took control of Europe, while the Spanish saw it as easy to monitor new lands. The different tactics employed made the both empires flourish. For instance, the Spanish were not tolerant of religion. They conquered other areas with the aim of converting Christians to Islam, if they refused, they would be killed. On the other hand, the Ottoman leaders incorporated leaders of diverse culture
Isabella then desired to boost her control over Spain by establishing the Spanish Inquisition. Its role was to abolish heresy and make Spain a Christian nation (“Spain: History”). The Inquisition officially lasted from 1478 to 1808 (“Queen Isabella’s Influence in the New World”).
The Inquisition run by Tomas de Torquemada persecuted other religions and was a base of counter-reformation
As the Byzantine empire’s power began to lessen, ecclesiastical law flourished (Rautman). The Inquisition was entirely based around Roman Catholicism, and was commonly seen as needed in order to protect and defend the church from protestantism and sinners. It’s courts had judges called “inquisitors.” Inquisitors served lifelong terms and made decisions solely in the name of the Pope. While the only type of crime pursued and prosecuted by the Inquisition were crimes against the church, it was often accused of being a very biased institution, as all verdicts were made according to Catholic beliefs, regardless of the circumstance
There are many disputes as to when exactly the Jewish people and their roles in medieval civilization became apparent to the Christian and Islam peoples of the time. Various time periods are claimed by various different authors, however in this particular case I have utilized the historical writings of Louis Finkelstein. In one of his many books, we find that his perception of Jews in this time are from about 1000 AD to 1603AD. These dates seem to encompass the entire Middle Ages much better than some of the other speculations made by various other Jewish authors.
Although it may not have seemed fairly difficult in theory, The Pope along with the Crown of Spain set out with the goal to convert the Native Americans. One decisive factor that challenged that decree of conversion was the economic benefits that Spain would receive. This would eventually change the agendas of Spain, and ultimately it would indirectly make those living in the New World choose: Spain or Religion? This was not said in these exact words, but people, especially religious orders would have to choose to fight for what they believed in, or to follow the orders straight from the Spanish Crown.
In politics, the interest of nations was centered on religion. Monarchs aligned themselves based on religious belief and fought wars against those who worshiped differently. In Spain, King Phillip II waged war against the Islamic Ottoman Empire in an attempt to stop the spread of Islam in Western Europe and further spread Catholicism. Spain, the most powerful nation in Western Europe during the late 16th century also tried to interfere in French royal succession when Henry IV, a protestant, was to ascend to the throne. A fact that underscores the role of religion is that fighting between Spain and France continued even after Henry IV converted to Catholicism. Another example of relationships affected by the difference in religion is the strained relationships, which eventually lead to armed conflict, Spain had with England and the Netherland, two protestant nations. Elizabeth who ruled England, herself experienced discord with her Puritan subjects who felt that the differences between the Protestant Anglican Church and the Catholic Church were not distinct enough. This same fanaticism resulted in Elizabeth ordering the execution of Mary Queen of Scotts in order to extinguish Catholic hopes of rule, which her life and position in line to the throne gave Catholics in England. Religious tolerance was rare. During the late 16th century, the Netherlands were the only nation to have a policy of tolerance. The Dutch benefit from this tolerant policy as it attracts people of various religious backgrounds, creating fertile ground for commerce. During the scientif...
This can be seen in the introduction to document 35 where it explains the start of the Spanish inquisition, “This court, which was under state control, was established in Castile in 1480, primarily in order to watch over these converts or Marranos, many of whom pretended to be Christians, but secretly practiced Jewish customs.” (The Spanish Inquisition at Work, Doc 35, p. 195) The problem that arose after the Jews would convert into becoming new Christians was that they would still secretly practice Judaism. This was considered as going against the religious zeal of the church, and harming the Christian society values. The church authorities feared that having these heretic Jews around would influence other Marranos to do the same as they did. This was enough for the King and church authorities to expel
It was called the Spanish Inquisition. It took place for approximately five hundred years, from the late 15th century to mid 19th century. Many ironic elements were involved in the history of the Inquisition. The Spanish Inquisition lasted longer than any other preceding it, and was the most cruel, bloodthirsty, and festive of all. The objective of the inquisition, in its early state, was to convert all Jews into Christians, but later it mutated into an ugly machine who’s new objective was to rid the country of the newly converted Christians.
To initiate, Pérez’s thesis began by introducing the creation of the “anti-Semitism” against Jews; as well as discrimination against Muslims who opposed to the Catholic doctrine during the beginnings the Spanish Inquisition. First, Pérez criticized and analyzed the procedures and manipulations that the Inquisitions imposed to Jews and Muslims to convert them to Catholicism; these procedures and manipulations that Pérez criticized were the oppression to converted these two groups to Catholicism or expel them out from Spain if they remained their faith—many chose the exile (35). Also, Pérez admired the resistance that the majority of Jews had to preserve their faith in “secret” and maintained loyal to their faith even though they faced persecution, discrimination, oppression, and expulsion during the Inquisition (51).
The Spanish Inquisition was the longest and most ruthless inquiry of faith of all time. Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Christians, and all non-Catholic religions were besieged by persecution from the Spanish government. Although it was not intended, thousands of innocent Spaniards were tortured and killed once the king and queen of Spain established the Inquisition. An Inquisition is a very complex process, and at first, seemed innocuous.
Religion in Spain was very important, a politically Catholic country, with the vast majority of the country following the Catholic tradition. As Pendrill says in (Spain 1474-1700), ‘Even more threatening to the Moorish community than the political re-conquest of Spain were the efforts to conquer the Moors spiritually’, which explicitly states the importance of the Inquisition over the Reconquista. The Spanish Inquisition commenced in 1478, it was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in the kingdom and to replace the Medieval Inquisition, which was previously under Papal control. The inquisition was provoked by a conversation between a Dominican friar from Seville and Isabella, who convinced Isabella that there was Crypto-Judaism taking place throughout her kingdom. After the creation of the Inquisition, they found power amongst the nobility which rose to the first ‘auto-da-fé’ in Seville 1481, where six people were burnt alive as heretics. The premise of the Inquisition was to secure the catholic religious security in Spain, and some would argue that it was to scapegoat
... the Inquisition presented by scholars like Kagan and Dyer, Homza, and Kaman. As the case of María Gonzalez demonstrates, the movement acted with great secrecy, had a set of very organized procedures, and sometimes used torture. The Inquisition’s accusations were often questionable and it’s motives were at times more culturally than religiously based. While conversos were accused of being “crypto-jews” in reality, many like Pedro de Villegas were simply partaking in cultural practices that were not actually tied to their religion. The Inquisition, however, was not completely unsympathetic or unfair- it allowed victims the opportunity to provide evidence and witnesses to prove that they were loyal Christians. If a converso knew how to present themselves in an appealing way and provided powerful testimony, they could be absolved of the charges brought against them.
In the fifth century Barbarians collapsed the Roman Empire and Europe entered the Dark Ages. Around this time the Visigoths expanded their empire by heading for Spain. Upon arriving in Spain, the Visigoths encountered Jews whom they treated somewhat gently until the Visigoths converted to Catholicism; the Visigoths then overran Jews. Soon after, Muslims from North Africa known as Berbers decided to invade the Iberian Peninsula in hopes to take control of Spain and expand the Muslim reign, which they did. This sudden change in rule of the territory provided a sense of relief for all the people living in Spain. The reason for this was because the Muslims treated everyone equally so long as they abided by Muslim authority and paid taxes. After all, the Christians...