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Social class effect on education
Social class effect on education
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My name is Kate Looney and I have just recently finished my final year school placement with you. I would first like to say thank you for the opportunity, I have really enjoyed my time here. I am writing this letter to share with you my outlook on the topic of social class privilege in education. The experiences I have gained at this school have opened my eyes to this topic and I would like to further explore it through this letter. In this letter, I will outline social class privilege and its effects in this school and in the wider context of education. I will draw attention to the good practices being undertaken in this school and also point to some key opportunities for change. I have included field notes to support this topic, which provide evidence that I have reflected deeply on the complexity of this subject. Throughout the letter, I will draw on relevant literature on the topic. Firstly, I will introduce some key theoretical perspectives on social class …show more content…
in education. Secondly I will focus on three main topics for discussion, (a) teacher expectations and assumptions (b) school ability and streaming practices (c) class-biased pedagogy and assessment. To discuss these topics I will explore relevant research and my own personal observations. Finally, I will summarise my findings and outline some key opportunities for change. Key Theoretical Perspectives on Social Class Inequality in Education and Society: I am going to explore the sociological lens of habitus and capital to discuss three important aspects of social class privilege in education below. Bourdieu’s concept of habitus can be interpreted as a set of socially acquired preferences that are unconsciously internalised and constantly managed by the individual. It is ‘embodied history, internalized as a second nature and so forgotten as history…the active presence of the whole past of which it is the product’ (Bourdieu 1990, p.56).
It suggests that our backgrounds, values and experiences that we have had, continually shape our opinions and decisions that we make. Bourdieu, P. (1990) The Logic of Practice, Cambridge: Polity Press. Bourdieu, P. and Passeron, J. C. (1977) Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture, London: Sage. Feehan, C. (2007) ‘Why streaming doesn’t work’, Irish Independent, 31st October. Lareau, A. (1987) Social class differences in family-school relationships: the importance of cultural capital, Sociology of Education, 60 (2): 73-85. Lynch, K. and Baker, J. (2005) ‘Equality in Education: An Equality Condition Perspective’, Theory and Research in Education, 3(2) 131-164. Lynch, K. and Lodge, A. (2002) Equality and Power in Schools: Redistribution, Recognition and Representation, London: Routledge Falmer. MacRuairc, G. (2009) ‘Dip, dip, sky blue, who’s it? NOT YOU’: children’s experiences of standardised testing: a socio-cultural analysis’, Irish Educational Studies, 28(1)
47-66.
The theories of Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, Pierre Bourdieu, Basil Bernstein and Shirley Brice Heath represent the deterministic end of the social reproduction perspective. These theories mainly involve school, the ideas of cultural capital, habitus, and linguistic cultural capital and can help explain more in depth how the reproduction of classes continue through generations, and how this reproduction is accepted.
“Fremont High School” an essay written by Jonathan Kozol presents a high school in need of transformation and support with educational advancement. Kozol writes about the limited educational opportunities available to the students that attend this lower class institution. Kozol addresses the overcrowding of this institution and lack of consistent staffing. The purpose of Kozol 's essay is to illustrate that lack of opportunity based on social class is an active crisis in the United States educational system, whereas addressing this crisis in the essay, Kozol would hope to achieve equal opportunities available to all socioeconomic class institutions.
Returning to his old high school after having had graduate ten years ago, Shamus Rahman Khan came in with one goal: to study the inequality of a school that claims to be more “diverse.” St. Paul’s School located in Concord, New Hampshire claims to have become more diverse over the years, accepting people of different racial backgrounds and social classes to their prestigious boarding school. However, as described in his book, Khan found that this claim made by the school is false. He also found out that the elite that used to attend his school is not the same as the elite attending it now. Nonetheless, it was the elite that were succeeding because they were the ones who could afford the school, had family linages that already attended the school, and mastered “ease” which made them privileged in society. Separating his book into five different chapters, each focusing on a different topic that helps support his claim, Khan describes this change in elite and the inequality that still accompanies St. Paul’s. In the introduction to Privilege: The Making of an Adolescent Elite at St. Paul’s School, Khan states the three most important points he will refer to during the rest of the book: hierarchies are natural and can be used to one’s advantage, experiences matter more than inherited qualities, and the elite signal their status through ease and openness. These are discussed thoroughly in throughout Privilege.
The issue of equality in education is not a new problem. In 1787, our federal government required all territories petitioning for statehood to provide free education for all citizens. As part of this requirement, every state constitution included, “an education clause, which typically called for a “thorough and efficient” or “uniform” system of public schools” (School Funding 6). Despite this requirement, a “uniform” system of schools has yet to be achieved in this country for a variety of reasons, many of which I will discuss later on. During the early part of th...
Allen supports her claims about hierarchies and power dynamics in her chapter “Social Class Matters.” She dives into the structures of society by examining power and social class in various contexts. In this chapter, she explains that people are categorized according to themes of class difference and struggle. Social class is associated with the relationship between power and the distribution of resources. Because this stratification system of social class is one of the biggest predictors of school achievement, social identity plays a large role in the social reproduction of inequality in the education system.
(p1) Broadly speaking, class is about economic and social inequality… (p6) We have a tendency for groups of advanced people to congregate together, and groups of disadvantaged people to congregate so that inequalities persist from generation to generation.
This essay explores personal interpretation of the reading “Savage Inequality” encompassing its distasteful quality and sociological perspectives while identifying my individual experience through commonality. The opening statement in the article Savage Inequalities referenced obvious signs of social inequalities losing its energy as society now view its origin as an everyday norm. Explaining it away as a reflection of the individual’s character is a faultless example of societies reacting to their definition of the situation relatively than the objective situation itself, as Symbolic Interactionism advocates. Contrasting the US educational system reflective in schools found in poor, middle and rich communities appears to be the focal point. A better education is often offered to a select group of privileged children against those with gaps, a problem greater than what is to be expected, however, we are not entirely unaware of its effects.
Jean Anyon’s “Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work” claims that students from different social classes are treated differently in schools. Anyon’s article is about a study she conducted to show how fifth graders from the working, middle, and upper class are taught differently. In Anyon’s article, she provides information to support the claim that children from different social classes are not given the same opportunities in education. It is clear that students with different socio-economic statuses are treated differently in academic settings. The curriculum in most schools is based on the social class that the students belong to. The work is laid out based on academic professionals’ assumptions of students’ knowledge. Teachers and educational professionals assume a student’s knowledge based on their socio-economic status.
Since the schools symbolize cultural capital of the middle and upper classes, children from lower social backgrounds, who are not familiar with the hierarchy codes will have more difficulty understanding the schooling process. The influence of cultural capital is especially prominent in the first years of schooling. The lack of cultural capital is especially drawn from the video we have watched in class on “Tammy’s story” which was about Tammy’s cultural capital and how it has a big impact on her aspirations, opportunities, and achievements. Furthermore, from this video we learned unfortunately, much of the competition to get ahead in America is rigged. Wealth in America is highly concentrated on and it defines your place on the social ladder. Likewise, Tammy is very poor and she walks 10 miles a day to go to work and clean bathrooms. Not to mention, she has four kids and one of her kids that stands out the most is her son Matt. Matt on the other hand, thinks he’s going to be much better off than his family, and in the video clip he seems embarrassed by his family. Alternatively, Matt tries to dress well, make good friends and he hopes to get a scholarship to a college that he wants to go to. Also, Matt
give equal right to these students because of cultural divides. Women and blacks are seen as second to
Hallinan, Maureen T.. "Sociological Perspectives on Black-White Inequalities in American Schooling." Handbook of the sociology of education. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2000. 50-70. Print.
Perry, E and Francis, B., 2010. The social class gap for educational achievement: a review of the literature. [online] RSA projects. Available at: [accessed 12 January 2014].
As time allowed more men and more women to be schooled together, it was evident that a woman's presence alone would not ensure an equally beneficial education. The school systems continue to follow a gendered curriculum, created mainly by men in order to serve men. It is the reinforcement of the gender biases and assumptions through their methodical distribution and teaching of stereotypes and ideas that put the education of men and women on two separate levels. There is no example to follow when it comes to the equal education of children because even though they receive the same education, it is far from equal. It is this along with the lack of recognition towards women who have achieved greatness both in and out of education that creates an outsider status for the female student (Lasser, 1987).
“Social Justice in Education” by R. W. Connell discusses the role of education in society and the implications that social justice issues have on education. Connell begins by establishing that education and social justice can be examined separately yet they are inescapably linked through the social medium of their implementation. “Education concerns schools, colleges and universities, whose business is to pass knowledge on to the next generation. Social justice is about income, employment, pensions or physical assets like housing.”(Connell, 1993) Three points validating the equal importance of social justice and the education system to people of all delineations are: 1.) in Western society public schools are key forums of social interaction and comprise some of the largest social institutions 2.) educational institutions are highly economic bodies and have become “major public assets” (Connell, 1993) 3.) teaching becomes a vehicle by which society is ultimately determined and has a great influence over society’s morality. Connell describes the meaning of justice in education as being “a question of fairness in distribution… equality.”(Connell, 1993) “Justice cannot be achieved by distributing the same… standard good to… all social classes.”(Connell, 1993) By stating this, Connell summarizes that in the attempt to achieve equality, unequal means must be employed.
The Relationship Between Social Class and Educational Achievement Many sociologists have tried to explore the link between social class and educational achievement, measuring the effects of one element upon the other. In order to maintain a definite correlation between the two, there are a number of views, explanations, social statistics and perspectives which must be taken into account. The initial idea would be to define the key terms which are associated with how "social class" affects "educational achievement." "Social class" is the identity of people, according to the work they do and the community in which they live in. "Educational achievement" is the tendency for some groups to do better or worse in terms of educational success.