A vaccine is suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that is used to induce immunity (Tortora, Funke & Case, 2004). In others words vaccines are products that are usually injected to the human body by needle, mouth or aerosol to produce immunity against certain diseases that are harmful to the body. Vaccines protect people from infectious diseases by reducing the risk of infection, it works with the human’s body defenses to help develop immunity. A vaccine is made of dead or weakened antigens they help develop immunity by imitating the infection. The vaccine does not cause an actual infection but the immune system recognizes it as a pathogen and produced antibodies in response. So when that particular active antigen enters the body …show more content…
again the memory cells produce antibodies fast and attack the pathogen before it starts invading cells. Also vaccines not only protect people who are vaccinated but also those who are not because when the whole community is vaccinated it’s hard for certain diseases to spread around because they are not enough susceptible people to support the spread of epidemic this is known as herd immunity (Tortora, et al., 2004). There are different ways vaccines are developed. One of the ways vaccines is developed is by using weakened live viruses that poorly reproduce when they enter the body this method is used to make the chickenpox vaccine. Some vaccines are developed by using inactivated viruses that are completely killed and can cause no harm or reproduce inside the body such as the rabies vaccine. Also vaccines such as Hepatitis B are made by using part of the virus by using the proteins that reside in the surface of the virus. Other vaccines are developed by inactivating toxins that are found in bacteria such as diphtheria vaccine. Another way bacteria vaccine is made is by using polysaccharide of the bacteria such as Haemophilus influenza type B vaccine (Philadelphia., 2014). Some of the challenges of developing a new vaccine is the availability of an animal model that responds infection and vaccine same to humans because many viruses that affect humans cannot grown in animals. Also some diseases take a long time to develop they might not work when the vaccine is introduced, and people respond differently to vaccinations. There might also be long term effects of the vaccine that researchers don’t know about these are some barriers on why it is difficult to develop new vaccines (Oyston & Robinson, 2012). Vaccines have many misconceptions such as it can cause autism, that people who get diseases are those who already have been vaccinated, being giving multiple different disease vaccination increases the risk of harmful side effects and also might cause long lasting effects (Common Misconceptions Surrounding Vaccines, 2011). Vaccinia vaccine is used to prevent smallpox there are many commercial names such as Dryvax, ACAM2000 (Kennedy, Ovsyannikova, Jacobson, & Poland, 2009).
The smallpox vaccine is the first vaccine to be discovered by Edward Jenner. Jenner noticed that milkmaids who had contracted a diseases called cowpox did not catch the smallpox. When he noticed that he took a fluid from cowpox blisters and scratched it on the skin of James Phipps an eight-year-old boy who only got one blister after being exposed to cowpox but recovered. Once James recovered Jenner’s inoculated him with the smallpox but he did not get it, then Jenner knew that the vaccine is successful. The vaccine is made from live vaccinia virus strain and is manufactured by using modern cell-culture techniques stocked in a lyophilized. The vaccinia vaccine helps the human body fight against the infection caused by the variola virus and also trigger robust T and B cell responses that target a wide array of viral proteins (Kennedy, et al., 2009). The vaccine can be administered through several quick puncture on the upper arm with a two-pronged needle known as bifurcate, then covered by a gauze to make sure the virus does not spread to other parts of the body or persons. The site where the vaccine was given begin to have multiple normal skin reactions similar to the stages of smallpox, this is a sign that the body is building …show more content…
immunity. At first there is a sore spot that becomes a bump, then a blister with pus and eventually falls off as a scab. The vaccine is 95% effective and provides immunity for three to five years (Belongia & Naleway, 2003). The smallpox is an acute deadly contagious virus caused by variola virus. During the incubation period which last up to 19 days no symptoms show the person usually looks perfectly fine and healthy. After those days the person gets the initial symptoms that usually last 2 to 4 days which is high fever, head and body aches and sometimes vomiting at this stage the smallpox can be contagious. Then they get a rash that last for four days it starts as a small red spot on the tongue of their mouth then eventually become sores that break open and spread the virus from the tongue to the throat the fever continue until the rash spreads the whole body surface within 24 hours then the fever declined and they might start to feel better. The skin sores fill with a thick opaque fluid then have pustules then after 5 to 10 days the pustules begin to form scabs that eventually fall off leaving marks on the skin (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). There have been military personnel’s who reported heart inflammation after receiving the smallpox shot (Ross, 2003). The smallpox is systematic because it enters the body through the respiratory tract and breaks through the skin. Smallpox has high morbidity and mortality rate. The mortality rate is 3% in vaccinated individuals and 30% in unvaccinated (The Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics, 2004). The variola virus is the causative agent of smallpox.
There is two forms variola minor which is not lethal and variola major which produces the most severe symptoms. It mainly infects humans because due to its ability to evade the host immune responses and avoid complement activation (Graf, 2010). There are two main virulence factors the first one is a protein called SPICE that helps the virus evade detection by inactivating proteins part of the immune system called the complement system. The second one is CKBP-II which helps block immune response signals and promote inflammation at site of infection (Smallpox Fact Sheet, 2013). The initial step of the life cycle is attachment of the virus to the host cell. Once it enters the host cell it uncoat the exterior and the inner envelope virion, then the DNA uncoil along with multiple viral enzymes. This starts replication of the genome that occurs inside the cytoplasm. Once DNA is replicated to make a virion, the virion pass through cell membrane and is enveloped then released to repeat the process (Graf, 2010). The disease can only be transmitted through human to human interaction mainly by air droplets when a person is talking, coughing or sneezing because the virions are located in the mouth and nose secretion of an infected person. Unfortunately, there is no effective drug against the virus, only vaccines can prevent it. A person who has smallpox can take topical idoxuridine and cidofovir medication to manage the disease
(Hussain, 2015).
Edward Jenner, “the father of immunology”, was born on May 17, 1749. He was one of nine siblings and he was treated for smallpox for a very long period of his childhood. I predict that his treatment to small pox as an infant encouraged his work into creating the vaccine for smallpox itself. It is said that his work “saved more lives than the work of any other human”. He found the similarities of cowpox and smallpox, and then analyzed his experiments to conclude that previous cowpox patients had immunization to smallpox.
The perspective the author gives to this book is a unique. Smallpox according to most histories does not play the role of a major character, but a minor part. In my opinion smallpox was a major factor during the Revolutionary War, and Feen focuses on several key areas which allows us to see just how bad this epidemic was and the grip it had not only on the soldiers, but the colonist as well.
It began with infection mainly in the blood vessels of the human skin and mouth, resulting in different kinds of symptoms that turn into serious stages. It was spread by physical contact with human skin and mostly affected children and adults. This disease was so outrageous that it led to a vast number of deaths in New England colonies. Also, smallpox virus is transmitted through airborne infection from the oral, nasal mucus of the infected person. But mostly was spread from close contact or contaminated material of the infected person.
Although the Columbian Exchange allowed for the beneficial exchange of cultures, ideas, foods, and animals around the world during the 1450-1750 time period, it also had a dark side. One detrimental result of the Columbian Exchange would be the spreading of smallpox from Europe to the New World.
The idea behind vaccines is to provide the body with just enough of the disease-causing substance to trick the body into producing antibodies against it. By injecting weak or dead infectious agents through the skin, it’s believed that the body will create the appropriate immune defense. Infants come into the world with antibodies they have gotten from their mother through the placenta. Infants who are breastfed continue to receive many important antibodies in the colostrum (the thick, yellowish premilk that is secreted during the first few days after a woman gives birth) and breast milk. During the first year of life, the immunity an infant gets from its mother at birth wears off. To help boost the fading ability to fight certain diseases, vaccines are given. Once the antibodies are produced, they stay around, protecting the child against the disease they were designed to fight.
During one of his earlier apprenticeships, Jenner noticed milkmaids with a disease called cowpox. Cowpox is a close relative to smallpox and is only mild in humans. Pustules appear on the hands and a basic cold is also brought on. At Jenner’s young age he was able to link these two viruses together and come up with a theory for immunization. In 1796, while still attending medical school, Jenner decided to test this theory between smallpox and cowpox. He used a dairymaid, who was a patient of his named Sarah Nelms, who had contracted cowpox and had ripe pustules on her hands. Jenner realized this was his opportunity to test someone who had not contracted smallpox yet. He picked an eight-year old boy named James Phipps to use as his test subject. He scraped open a spot of James' arm and rubbed in a dissected piece of Sarah Nelms pustule into the open wound. A couple days later James became ill with cowpox but was well again within a week. This test proved that cowpox could be spread between humans as well as cows. Jenner's next test would be if the cowpox virus gave James immunity against smallpox. On July 1st of 1796, Edward Jenner obtained an infected smallpox pustule and scratched the virus filled pus into James' arm. This technique of placing a virus into a patient is called variolation. James Phipps did not develop smallpox within the
Vaccines are a training for your body helping it to learn how to fight disease without actually having the symptoms. Antibodies are created in response to a disease
For approximately three-thousand years, smallpox has ravaged and plagued the four corners of the globe. In fact, in the 17 th and 18 th centuries, it was claimed to be the most infectious disease in the West, with an astounding 90% mortality rate in America. It wasn't until 1796, with English surgeon Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccination, that the world saw relief from this devastating virus. However, even with this inoculation in use, the world continued to witness death from both the virus and the vaccine. In the year 1966, it was estimated that 10-15 million infected citizens world wide had passed away from smallpox that year alone ( “History” 12). As a result of these devastating numbers, in the following year, 1967, the World Health Organization (W.H.O.) created a program to eradicate the smallpox virus. Ten years later, in 1977, the estimated 10-15 million cases had dwindled down to one; a man in Somalia. Three years later, W.H.O. officially announced that smallpox had been eradicated, leaving the only remaining virus cultures stored and guarded in laboratories in Russia and the United States. Inoculations ceased, smallpox epidemics were non-existent, and the virus was no longer a concern. In order to ensure complete eradication of this deadly virus, the W.H.O. insisted that the remaining smallpox cultures be destroyed by 1999 ( “Smallpox Eradication” 2). However, despite the W.H.O.'s recommendation, the remaining cultures continue to be contained and protected to this day, five years after the suggested date of elimination.
Vaccines have been around for hundreds of years starting in 1796 when Edward Jenner created the first smallpox vaccine. Jenner, an English country doctor noticed cowpox, which were blisters forming on the female cow utters. Jenner then took fluid from the cow blister and scratched it into an eight-year-old boy. A single blister came up were the boy had been scratched but it quickly recovered. After this experiment, Jenner injected the boy with smallpox matter. No disease arose, the vaccine was a success. Doctors all around Europe soon began to proceed in Jenner’s method. Seven different vaccines came from the single experimental smallpox vaccine. Now the questions were on the horizon. Should everyone be getting vaccinations? Where’s the safety limit? How can they be improved? These questions needed answers, and with a couple hundred years later with all the technology, we would have them(ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
The spread of smallpox is by inhaling air from an already infected person, which will cause the person who is inhaling to become infected themselves. Another cause of infection is coming into contact with an infected person sneezing or coughing. Another form of spreading the disease has is infecting a person when they come into contact with the puss that is inside the lumps on an already infected person's body, also the skin and body fluids, as well as intimate objects that have b...
Preventing serious infections by making a person immune to the infection is called immunization. This process is usually performed by the administration of a vaccine to stimulate the person’s immune system to protect them against a subsequent infection or disease. According to the World Health Organization (2016), more than 5 million deaths were prevented annually between 2010 and 2015 due to vaccinations that were used around the world. Vaccines work with the natural ability of the human immune system to develop immunity to fight disease. When a foreign infectious pathogen such as bacteria or a virus enters the body, it multiplies and becomes an infection and in many cases, this infection leads to an illness. To understand how vaccines
The purpose of vaccinations is to help the immune system handle the illness without exposing to the illness first as “Vaccines contain the same antigens (or parts of antigens) that cause diseases…the antigens in vaccines are either killed, or weakened to the point that they don’t cause disease...immune system produce antibodies that lead to immunity”("Why Are Childhood Vaccines So Important?") This means that Vaccines have the same pieces of a regular disease but has been manipulated in some shape or form that cannot infect the vaccine receiver. Almost as if the body is exposed to the illness already, but not quite like having the body fight off the disease but rather receive the ability to fight contact with any disease they are vaccinated against. Without vaccination, some illnesses can be fought off with the immune system alone, such as chicken pox and measles, and then would have the immune system protect by using the to fight against it. However, there are more fatal diseases, such as Polio, that has the ability to paralyze the body of anyone infected and even cause death if not treated right away
Understanding the difference between vaccine, vaccination and immunization may be difficult. Even though these words are associated with each other, they have different meanings. According the article basics, a vaccine produces immunity from a disease and can be administered through needle injection, orally, or aerosol. Vaccination is the injection of a killed or weakened organism that produces immunity in the body against the organism. Immunization is the process that produces immunity in the body against that organism. Vaccinations reduce the risk of Polio, Smallpox and Scarlet Fever by operating with the body’s natural defenses to develop immunities to these diseases. Depending on if a parent desires protection from disease or is concerned
Immunisation or vaccination is a very effective and safe form of medicine used to prevent severe diseases occurring from viruses and other infectious organisms and increase the amount of protective antibodies. It is given by drops in the mouth or injecting a person with a dead or modified disease-causing agent, in order for the person to become immune to that disease.
For innumerable centuries, unrelenting strains of disease have ravaged society. From the polio epidemic in the twentieth century to the measles cases in the latter half of the century, such an adverse component of nature has taken the lives of many. In 1796, Edward Jenner discovered that exposure to cowpox could foster immunity against smallpox; through injecting the cowpox into another person’s arm, he founded the revolutionary concept known as a vaccination. While many attribute the eradication of various diseases to vaccines, many United States citizens are progressively beginning to oppose them. Many deludedly thought that Measles had been completely terminated throughout the United States; however, many children have been patronized by