Sexual Objectification Paper

Reichert, Tom, et al. "A Test Of Media Literacy Effects And Sexual Objectification In Advertising." Journal Of Current Issues & Research In Advertising (CTC Press) 29.1 (2007): 81-92. Business Source Complete. Web. 19 Nov. 2014.

The objectification of women in the media is an ongoing problem. This article shows a study done to show how women are sexually objectified and stereotyped in the media (advertising) and how the effect of media literacy plays a role in this issue. The article goes into the different areas of media literacy with the female portrayal in the media. They made sure to not just use one view of women. In one context, they used a music video and another was just for advertising. The researchers showed a group of men and women

an ad separately that contained objectifying images of women. After showing them the ads, the responses from each group were different. The women had a more negative response than the men. It had no effect on how the men felt about the portrayal of the women in the ads. Even when the ad involving women seemed to be harmless and put in place to enlighten viewers, it persistently raised feminist views and also raised sensitivity to the women roles in both the male and female viewers. Some advertising industries have taken this issue into consideration and have made efforts to be more sensitive to the way they portray women. I will use this article in connection to another article by
Szymanski, D. M., Moffitt, L. B., &Carr, E. R. entitled Sexual objectification of women: advances to theory and research. These two articles go hand in hand because both ads explain the attitude women have towards being objectified in the media.
Hatton, Erin, and Mary Trautner. "Equal Opportunity Objectification? The Sexualization Of Men And Women On The Cover Of Rolling Stone." Sexuality & Culture 15.3 (2011): 256-278. LGBT Life. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.
The article explains the issue of sexual objectification of women and men in the media.

A number of journalist and scholars brought this to the attention of many because sexual objectification is being seen as a part of Western culture and how things have become more “sexualized” or “pornified”. This study targets a well-known magazine called the “Rolling Stone”. The magazine has been around for more than four decades, with this being said, the image of men and women have changed. The sexual objectification of both men and women has increased, but women continue to be more frequently sexualized than men on the magazine cover. Women are increasingly likely to be “hyper sexualized” while men are not. Hyper sexualization is the combination of body position, nudity, and textual cues and more. Erving Goffman failed to examine the sexualization of women in his research because he was missing the whole point of the issue of sexual objectification towards women. Another researcher named Kang studied advertisements of women like Goffman but added more to it. Kang found that in the ads of women, the gender stereotyping of men and women disappeared but body displays of women had not. The sexualized image of women may legitimize violence, sexual harassment, and anti-women attitudes amongst men. This issue has also become a political debate and caused an uproar in the feminist

community.

Stankiewicz, Julie, and Francine Rosselli. "Women As Sex Objects And Victims In Advertisements." Sex Roles 58.7/8 (2008): 579-589. LGBT Life. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.
The article explains how women are portrayed as sex objects and sexualized victims in advertisements and how this is an issue within the sexual objectification of women. Researchers studied women in 1,988 advertisements from 58 popular U.S. magazines. They found that one of two advertisements that featured women portrayed them as sex objects. Men’s, women’s fashion, and female adolescent magazines were more likely to portray women as sexual objects and as victims than news and business, special interest, or women’s non fashion magazines. But portrayed as sex objects varies by magazine type. For example, these types of ads are seen in magazines such as Harpers Bazar and Elle. The article also brings up the issue that with the increase of sexualized ads; the increase of violence against women becomes a problem. Research has shown that the simultaneous presentation of women as sex objects and victims in various forms of media increases acceptance of violence against women (Malamuth et al. 2000). The American Psychological Association Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls reported that sexualization of women and girls is related to societal problems and that increased awareness of sexual imagery can help ensure the wellness and safety of young girls and women.

Aubrey, Jennifer Stevens. "Exposure to Sexually Objectifying Media and Body
Self-Perceptions among College Women: An Examination of the Selective Exposure Hypothesis and the Role of Moderating Variables." Sex Roles 55.3/4 (2006): 159-172. Web. 20 Nov. 2014
I found this article on Google it is a study of young women in college that was put in place to test the theory that how women are perceived in the media effects their self-esteem in a negative way. This study also tested to see if the sexual exposure in the media helped or hurt women’s views of their body.
Szymanski, D. M., Moffitt, L. B., &Carr, E. R. Sexual objectification of women: advances to theory and research. The Counseling Psychologist. 39(1) 6–38. Web. 25 Nov. 2014
I found this article on Google it is a study that was conducted to see the effects of the media and television on women.

The point of this study was identifying the cause and effect of how women are affected by the objectification in the media. The study analyzed television and the numerous ways women were viewed in television. They discussed the unrealistic images of models in television and how women were portrayed in a way that would the average women feel less than. They came to the conclusion that the media is a source of education that provides insight and a very strong influence on people, therefore a woman’s self esteem could easily be affected by things portrayed in the media. The reason is because television is used as an educational resource naturally most people believe what goes on in television so women believe what they see, and if what the see is not what they are they may want to change themselves. This study

bring
Gaddis, J. “Why men objectify women”. Good Men Project. Web. 30 Nov. 2014
The article studies why men objectify women but also why women objectify themselves. It analyzes the numerous causes of this; the study was put in place to test numerous women’s images of themselves after being showed different types of ads and such of unrealistic images of women. They came up with numerous ideas of how women view themselves and compare themselves to things the see in television, but they also came to a conclusion about what men see as well. They came to the conclusion that men view women as objects the fact that men objectify women is just nature running its course, its like a reflex almost they just cant help it. It became clear that objectifying women doesn’t help in the long run. It is a long term disconnect that doesn’t help anything at all. The writer says that objectifying women doesn’t make a man feel good and that when you begin to appreciate women more that it will be easier to not objectify women. I feel that this article will be useful in my final research paper because it gives insight on the thoughts of the opposite sex. I will use this article as a platform for males reasoning on why they feel that they objectify women.