Setting up Bibliographies, Reference Lists, and Citations The following explanations from the American Psychological Association will guide you in setting up bibliographies, reference lists, and citations in the text of your work. If you are accustomed to using another style sheet, you will find some striking differences between APA style and the others with which you may be familiar. Most notably, in the APA style sheet, capitalization in the title of an article or of a book follows the same rules as capitalization in a common sentence. According to most other style sheets, each important rule in any title should be capitalized. In APA style, capitalization of each important word applies only to titles of journals. The following definitions are in keeping with APA style: A reference list appears on a separate page at the end of an article. Titled "References," it documents books and articles actually used in the preparation of an article or essay and provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source. The writer should include only the sources that were used in the research and preparation of the article. A bibliography cites works for background or for further reading. Often a bibliography is annotated; that is, it includes a brief objective description of the article or book. A reference citation in text, in preference to footnotes, briefly identifies the source of information for readers, and enables readers to locate the source in the alphabetical reference list at the end of the article. Content footnotes are discouraged because they are distracting to the reader, and because important information merits inclusion in the text. Citing References in the Body of the Paper * Each time you quote a source directly, paraphrase an idea, or refer to something that another person said or wrote, identify the original source by inserting the author's last name and the date within the text of your paper. Each source you cite must also appear in the reference list at the end of your paper. These arguments against standardized education (Duckworth, 1986) explore science as a process of discovery. Give page numbers for direct quotations. Note that any sentence punctuation comes after the closing parenthesis. As Dewey (1938) noted, the educational continuum was united by this "connectedness in growth" (p.75). If the author's name is used in the text, only the date needs to be inside parentheses. When both the author and the date are used in the citation, separate them with a comma.
List one criterium for a secondary source of literature, and describe how you would use it correctly. (1 pt.)
APA uses parenthetical (or in-text) citations within sentences, but rather than indicating the author's name and page number, APA includes author's name and date of publication. The page number, represented with a p. or a pp., is only added to the citation when using a direct quote (not a summary or paraphrase). If the author's name is mentioned in the sentence, then place the date of publication in parentheses directly after the name. If the name is not mentioned include the author's name and date in parentheses at the end of the source material. And, if you use a direct quote, place the page number after the publication date within the parentheses. Note the difference between the following three examples:
?š The writing in Bold refers to the Works Cited page where the info came from
MLA, in which this essay has been written, is most commonly used in the study of literature and humanities. This is because of a variety of factors within the format that allow the author to display their information in a fashion that seamlessly flows. APA, unlike MLA, labels when the topic or subject
After all, learning citation properly is far more than learning a set of rules, a style, the correct placement of commas and capital letters. Learning citation is first and foremost learning how a discipline creates and disseminates knowledge. It is subtle, takes many years to master, and is the mark of a professional.
Reading: Informational Texts 6.1: Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.
22. In America, periods and commas always go inside the quotation marks. (The opposite is true in England.) Example: In the short story “The Swimmer,” the main character feels that . . . . Do not confuse this rule with note #12 mentioned above. A citation being inserted makes a difference.
Dewey is often misrepresented and wrongly associated with child-centered education. The curriculum traditions that have dominated north America and UK schooling over the last century cannot be easily slotted into any of Dewey’s work. Dewey believed that human beings learn through a hands-on approach. He also believed the teacher should observe the interest of the students, observe the directions they naturally take, and then serve as someone who helps develop problem-solving skills. This made Dewey’s view of the classroom more realistic, which promoted equal voice among all participants in the learning experience. Dewey believed in interdisplinary curriculum, or a curriculum that focuses on connecting multiple subjects, where students are allowed to freely move in and out of classrooms as they pursue their interests and construct their own paths for acquiring and applying knowledge. Dewey described an image as “an anticipatory sensation,” a phrase in which sensation points to a classic understanding of image as our senses and anticipatory refers to an enlarged understanding of the image as an on-going experience (Russell. 1998). Dewey saw reflective thinking as part of the historical development of the social mind and the life process of an individual human. This was Dewey’s belief during the period of his life, during the years he worked with teachers, children, and parents at Chicago Elementary School. Dewey later went to work in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Chicago, which included teaching courses in pedagogy (the art, science of teaching as a profession). During this an elementary school that served as a kind of laboratory where teachers could conduct experiments in curriculum development. Dewey found evidence for stages of mental development in young children from an early imaginative stage grows experimental,
Chapter five tells you that there are many different types of the source other than books. The second section of chapter five tells us that there are two types of sources primary and secondary sources. A primary source is the originally writing from an individual. A secondary source comments on a primary source. It also talks about how you tell if a source is good for your paper. There was a chart to help you know the difference between quotation, paraphrase, and summary. At the end of this chapter talks about how to cite your work in different ways.
If you have a quote more than four lines long and indented, quotation marks are not needed. The indentation is enough to signal a quote.
John Dewey dedicated his life to improving the education system through his philosophical beliefs. Some of these beliefs include freedom of the mind and strong bonds between students and teachers. He believed that high schools did not prepare students for the real world by simply teaching the fundamentals of learning: reading, writing, and arithmetic; instead, teachers must prepare students for real-life situations. Dewey suggested that in order for students to perform to the best of their ability they should be exposed to an environment that resembles the real world. These goals should be taught in a democratic environment in which the teachers and students should have equal voices. Also, the needs of the child should be placed above anything else. Through an interdisciplinary curriculum, students could explore their environments through a curriculum that focuses on connecting multiple subjects and choosing their own paths. Unfortunately, high schools do not acknowledge Dewey’s ideals, which often results in students becoming useless members in society, receiving jobs that only have pecuniary benefit.
First, Dewey analyzed the method of progressive versus traditional education. Humans, by default, formulate “its beliefs in terms of Either-Or” (pg.5) categories which has been reflected in the current educational system. He labels education as transference of knowledge, skills, a...
I declare that the work which follows is my own and that any quotations from any sources (e.g. books, journals, the Internet) are clearly identified by the use of single quotation marks for shorter excerpts and indented italics for longer quotations. All quotations and paraphrases are accompanied by (date, author) in the text and a fuller citation in the bibliography. I have read and understood the rules on paraphrasing and referencing and followed these conventions carefully.
10. What is the difference between Bibliography 1.
Dewey, John, and Reginald D. Archambault. John Dewey on education; selected writings.. New York: Modern Library, 1964. Print.