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How literature shapes culture
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Cultures throughout the world encompass a diverse array of lifestyles by which societies are led by. These cultures, in a typical sense, are created by the subset of a population that follows a particular set of morals and ideals. An individual’s own identity, as a result, is dependent on many varying factors of their lifestyle in these culturally regulated regions. In the stories, “Selections from Reading Lolita in Tehran,” by Azar Nafisi, and “The Naked Citadel,” by Susan Faludi, the authors depict the impact made on an individual’s identity by male-dominated communities prejudiced against women. The discriminations described in these stories contribute to the creation of cultures that oppose the idea of seeing women as equals to men. Hence, …show more content…
For example, the compulsion to mistreat women is a common mindset shared by the cadets in The Citadel. In reference to this behavior Ron Vergnolle, a Citadel graduate, mentioned a specific anecdote about a cadet, “There was also a cadet who boasted widely that, as vengeance against an uncooperative young woman, he smashed the head of her cat against a window as she watched in horror. ‘The cat story,’ Vergnolle noted, ‘that was this guy’s calling card’ ” (Faludi 89). In the typical sense, a calling card is what an individual wishes to be identified by, therefore in this context, the use of the term “calling card” gives presumption to the existence of a competition between the cadets in which they would try to prove their masculinity over each other. However, meaning of the word “masculinity” is very subjective, and to the cadet in this anecdote it refers to the capacity of one’s aggressive and sexist behaviors. Thus, the cadets who could prove their masculinity in the best fashion, which they do by abusing women, would gain respect from the community of Citadel students. The cadet’s need to boast widely about his abuse story also demonstrates the vastly different group mentality on gender roles these cadets share as compared to normal society where such an occurrence is …show more content…
Faludi described an instance where a very small and limited community is run by the immoral understanding of masculinity that is created by biases against women and the need to become a more powerful authority figure. On the other hand, Nafisi expresses the bearings of a population in a much larger scale, being that of Tehran, Iran. She goes into the details of her culture that is dominated by male supremacy attitudes and many other unconventional standards, such as not being able to leave women by themselves. These attitudes result mainly from the belief that there is a societal hierarchy that places men above women. Both of these environments, however, manage to create a society that is highly impacted by the beliefs of others and the continual spread of these beliefs to those who are exposed to the
In Susan Faludi’s “The Naked Citadel”, she analyzes the homosocial nature of men as she tries to discover the causes behind sexism and to find out “why men who oppose women’s progress are so angry” (Faludi, 72). The main subject of her reading is the all boys college named the Citadel and its vehement opposition to admitting a female into its ranks. The boys become aggressive and angry about the thought of an independent and unique woman becoming a part of their student body. The thought of it threatens the gendering society established within the Citadel where the boys rely on each other to establish their own gender identities. Gender identities rely a lot upon the shaky foundation of the social dominance of one sex over the other. In today’s
The idea of enlightenment and the feeling of liberation seem unattainable most of the time. However, once you discover a gateway, such as literature or meditation, it becomes easier to reach your goals of becoming open-minded. Azar Nafisi’s “Selection from Reading Lolita in Tehran” describes the struggles she and her students face and how they use literature to escape from their atrocious life. Similarly, “Wisdom” by Robert Thurman explores the idea of reaching a nirvana-like state where people become aware of their surroundings and the nature of themselves. Nafisi and Thurman state that once people have attained the knowledge to reach an utopian, nirvana like state and have unmasked themselves from a pseudo-self mask put on for society, they must share their knowledge with others. Both Nafisi and Thurman propose that in order to act out selflessly and become an honest, true self, an individual needs bravery and courage to escape from their comfort zone and reach a state of compassion.
Society continually places restrictive standards on the female gender not only fifty years ago, but in today’s society as well. While many women have overcome many unfair prejudices and oppressions in the last fifty or so years, late nineteenth and early twentieth century women were forced to deal with a less understanding culture. In its various formulations, patriarchy posits men's traits and/or intentions as the cause of women's oppression. This way of thinking diverts attention from theorizing the social relations that place women in a disadvantageous position in every sphere of life and channels it towards men as the cause of women's oppression (Gimenez). Different people had many ways of voicing their opinions concerning gender inequalities amound women, including expressing their voices and opinions through their literature. By writing stories such as Daisy Miller and The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Henry James let readers understand and develop their own ideas on such a serious topic that took a major toll in American History. In this essay, I am going to compare Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” to James’ “Daisy Miller” as portraits of American women in peril and also the men that had a great influence.
Realistically, when someone is more powerful, they have the ability to set the rules. Men have historically held power in society, which means that women did not have as much stance or freedoms as men have had in the past. For example, Canadian women did not have the right to vote until the year 1916. This factor has continued to trail into the present day, creating the ‘weak’ image towards women, overall forcing and pushing men to become the opposite of this factor. Thus, cultural ideals of masculinity rely on the ideas of femininity through patriarchy and gender binaries. The emphasis on characteristics of men are being exaggerated, as society is pressuring men with unattainable standards of masculinity such as being tough, muscular and buff. Men continue to conform to these characteristics, in the fear of being oppressed through exclusion, which only strengthens society’s standards even more. This leads to more societal pressures on men, thus leading men to experience more societal pressures in the fear of feeling excluded. These “systems of inclusion and exclusion are divisions or barriers that prevent people from joining and belonging.” (50). For example, if a man wears nail polish, they may be oppressed and excluded through facing ridicule and bullying, because wearing nail polish is considered “girly”, therefore this boy is rebelling against society’s socially
How does one person develop into the human that he or she is? Do his or her characteristics depend on the qualities he or she was born with? Or does his or her upbringing mold them into the person he or she becomes? The debate between nature and nurture is one that can be difficult to conclude and thus has been argued for centuries. Sheri S. Tepper explores this issue in her acclaimed novel The Gate to Women’s Country. The narrator of the work, Stavia, lives in a woman-dominated, post-apocalyptic country, where the women’s goal is to breed out the violent and murderous qualities that men are believed to possess. These women have an preconceived ideal people who are “CAPABLE of violence and ruthlessness, but very much in control of their tempers
...literature I couldn’t help but compare my lifestyle to the woman in the stories. Women today are no longer looked upon only to supervise over their home and family, they are not forced into marriages, and they are not blamed for all the world’s problems. Today’s society is not a patriarchal one; in fact today men and woman appear to be equal to one another.
Additionally, Hosseini characterizes what females endure when society is pressuring them to create difficulties in a relationship. A female in an Afghan culture is always brought down and does not have any opportunities to prove what they are capable of to their families. As of this case, Pari is not given the chance to assist her
"و لنا في الخيال حياة" - Through Imagination we live (an Arabic proverb). In Iran during the late 1990s is a setting of a private book club in Tehran, where Professor Azar Nafisi, author of the book, meets weekly with seven of her most prominent female students to discuss banned western literary work. Azar Nafisi writes her memoirs, shedding light on the transformation of the self through literature, the book discussions are no longer limited to exploring the characters, but rather intertwine with the group members' lives hopes and dreams. Nafisi's journey with her students revolves around the imagination's role in opening spaces, an act subversive in itself against the existent
On November 7th at the Indiana University Cinema, I had the opportunity to watch an intriguing documentary called The Beauty Academy of Kabul, which was eye opening in terms of gender oppression. The main purpose of the film was to portray the role that beauty has in these women’s lives who live in Kabul and how it empowers them and allows them to be independent in a certain aspect of their lives. In the documentary, women from America travel to Kabul and create a school where they rigorously teach Afghan women the techniques that are found in beauty parlors. Throughout the documentary, several interviews take place where the audience learns just how unequal men and women are treated in the city of Kabul. Overall, the documentary showed me how women are treated in that culture, how it is different from our culture although we still face some of the same issues, and how something like the beauty school helps the women to feel empowered and how it gives them a sense of purpose.
In Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale, social turmoil after a staged terrorist attack has led to a totalitarian Christian regime. In this dystopian future, the roles of men and women are much different than in today’s society. In The Handmaid’s Tale, women are unequal because they have no choice about their bodies, their dress, or their relationships.
Prior to the 1970s when the theme of gender issues was still quite foreign, the societal norm forced female conformity to male determined standards because “this is a man’s world” (Kerr 406). The patriarchal society painted the image of both men and women accordingly to man’s approach of societal standards that include the defining features of manhood that consist of “gentil...
explores not only the way in which patriarchal society, through its concepts of gender , its objectification of women in gender roles, and its institutionalization of marriage, constrains and oppresses women, but also the way in which it, ultimately, erases women and feminine desires. Because women are only secondary and other, they become the invisible counterparts to their husbands, with no desires, no voice, no identity. (Wohlpart 3).
For thousands of years in many, if not all cultures, men have been dominant over women. For example, women need to cover their bodies and if they are even allowed to get a job, they are limited to certain fields of work. This is especially true in the book, Lost Names. Throughout the book, Lost Names, there are people and events included to show the reader what the book has to say about the relationship between men and women. That is men are more important than women in society, a man has the right to dictate a women’s future, and men are more suitable for war and violence than women.
Reading Lolita in Tehran gives us a clear understanding that women around the world, particularly Iran, during the Iranian Revolution of 1979, have suffered through difficult times. Nafisi vividly shows that women in Iran have suffered through abuse and have lacked civil liberties and civil rights. Nafisi’s main argument in this memoir is that Iranian law and government makes it hard for women in Iran to live their life peacefully. Nafisi wanted to show the importance of women suffrage, and that not all women are privileged to have civil rights and civil liberties around the world. Reading Lolita in Tehran is a memoir about the life of the Azar Nafisi, who is an Iranian author and professor. Nafisi writes about her personal experiences in Iran
In modern society, women’s identity is shaped by the social standard of femininity. Through exploring the portrayal of femininity in different time periods and cultures, this paper discusses how identities are historically and culturally contingent. However, despite the historical and cultural differences, society’s ideal of femininity has forced women into the frame of perfection, creating the sense of internal surveillance. This self-disciplinary effect can be related to Foucault’s theory of panopticism. This essay also argues that society’s portrayal of women has resulted huge amount of negative consequences that should raise social concerns. Furthermore, it outlines two ways to minimise the negative impacts, including women should be encouraged