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The function of the somatosensory system
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The people in the documentary “Secrets of the Mind” have suffered damages in small sections of the brain. The damages in the brain affected the way they think, this have caused them to perceive themselves and others around them differently. In order for test the scientist had to learn the causes of their symptoms, and had to compare it to how a normal brain would work. One of the studies Doctor Ramachandran did a study on a patient named Derek Steel Derek Steel was involved in a motorcycle accident and because of the accident had his left arm amputated and wasn’t able to use it again. Derek stated that he would feel pain in his missing limb to Dr. Ramachandran. The doctor felt as if the internal sense of the body of what we have reconstructed …show more content…
The left side of the body is controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain and vice versa. The sensory for touch is controlled in a section of the brain called the somatosensory cortex. Every point of the body has a correspondence part in the brain and vice versa. So Derek felt pain from his phantom limb when also his left side of his face was touched. Interestingly, the corresponding part of the brain for the hand is close to the corresponding part of the brain that is for the face that is used for sensory in either of them. Normally the sensory signals of the face only activate the area of the face. When the sensory signals form the face activated invaded the sensory for the hand in the brain for the hand it activated the hand region in the brain, after it wasn’t getting any correspondence or input from left arm. In Derek’s brain there’s been a reorganization in his brain, after his amputation according to Dr. Ramachandran. Dr. Ramachandran believed that pathways or the way parts of the brain functions can change. In order to see if this true, Dr. Ramachandran did a test on Derek to observe his brain activity. When undergoing a CAT scan to see what would happen. In his results, left side of Derek’s brain would respond normally to touch. On the right side of his brain the green spot wouldn’t be present because of the missing limb. The red area that correspond to his left cheek took over his whole left side of his body according to the CAT scan observation of the right hemisphere of the brain. In resulting the sensory part of the brain created a new pathway for the brain has been opened up. It’s either from recent neuron-fibers or pre-existing pathways of the brain that is now activated that causes Derek to feel senses in his missing limb. Phantom limb sensation doesn’t only occur in limbs but also in other body parts except for the
The symptoms of a right-hemisphere stroke are very much similar like the symptoms Mr. Fix-it is experiencing. For example, both suggest that functions on the left side of the body are completely neglected; therefore, the left visual section of the body does not respond effectively to stimuli due to the neglect. Damage to the right occipital lobe is very likely. The patient may have experienced some damage to areas 18 and 19 of the occipital lobe. “Damage to these association areas resulted in the patient’s failure to recognize items even when they have been seen before”, such as Mr. Fix-it’s deficiency to recognize geometric shapes (Carlson, 2010). Moreover, the patient could have also experience damage in the frontal lobe, specifically on area 8, in which it could have r...
In the magic of the mind author Dr. Elizabeth loftus explains how a witness’s perception of an accident or crime is not always correct because people's memories are often imperfect. “Are we aware of our minds distortions of our past experiences? In most cases, the answer is no.” our minds can change the way we remember what we have seen or heard without realizing it uncertain witnesses “often identify the person who best matches recollection
Has the modernization of the twentieth century made us smarter or has it hindered our brains to think in 140 characters or less? In the article, “Brain Candy”, Steven Johnson argues that the “steady upward trajectory” in global I.Q scores is due to what we thought was making us dumber: popular culture. However, this romantic critic is too rooted in his technology- age ideology. While Johnson claims that everything bad is good for us, family themed-programing is being replaced by fabricated reality television shows and channels specialized in selling, video games are hindering our reading and writing skills, and books are becoming things of the past. Johnson insists that popular culture is making us smarter, but is stupid the new smart?
Phantom pain refers to the phenomenal experience of pain in a body part that has been amputated or deafferented (Flor, Nikolajsen & Jensen, 2006). The characteristics of phantom pain have been described to occur in quick and sudden attacks of pain shooting up and down the amputated limb as well as cases of constant, excruciating pain whilst intensely perceiving the amputated limb to be cramped or postured abnormally (Katz, 1992). Approximately eighty percent of amputees report suffering from or at least experiencing some level of phantom pain post amputation; therefore it is a prominent issue (Flor, Nikolajsen & Jensen, 2006). Phantom pain is neuropathic pain that has no individual trigger but instead a plethora of psychobiological aspects of neuroplasticity that contribute to the cause of phantom pain (Grusser, Diers & Flor, 2003). The following will: outline the role of the peripheral and central factors associated with phantom pain and discuss the cortical reorganisation of the somatosensory cortex in relation to phantom pain.
Two ideas about the nervous system that can be better understood from these observations are the concepts of having and locating the I-function. It seems that the I-function here is very often affected in terms of voluntary movement. A person with Arnold-Chiari malformation who has lost the feeling in and control of his arm for example will not be able to move it even upon someone's request and his or her own desire to do so. Some use of the I-function is definitely impaired. However, these observations do not seem to necessarily imply that some part of the I-function was damaged, because it may very well be located elsewhere- connections may have simply been lost. A person with Arnold-Chiari can still think and have a sense of self, but somehow can not connect with the various body parts that can be affected. Some uses and pathways of the I-function can be understood, but the exact location of it remains vague.
Scientists are on the brink of doing the unthinkable-replenishing the brains of people who have suffered strokes or head injuries to make them whole again. If that is not astonishing enough, they think they may be able to reverse paralysis. The door is at last open to lifting the terrifying sentence these disorders still decree-loss of physical function, cognitive skills, memory, and personality.
The main difference between Sarah’s life before and after the accident involved normality; therefore, one of the brain’s main functions may be to ensure that life is as normal as possible. As shown in Sarah’s life before the accident, people usually do not have to think about performing seemingly simple tasks, such as reading the newspaper. In Sarah’s post-accident case, however, she could not recognize the words on a left side of a book that she was reading to her daughter. Due to damage from the injury, a once simple task for Sarah is now a challenge. Another major theme identified in the book related to brain function is that the brain is involved in a variety of tasks, such as motor movements and coordination, sensory information, and learning. This is evident in Sarah’s life before and after her injury. For example, due to Sarah’s left neglect, she could not recognize the position of her left side of her body for walking, and she also could not see the left side of her body. For brain injury, Genova indicated that damage to structures of the brain affects function. Since Sarah’s left side of her body was affected, her right hemisphere was damaged (i.e., the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and vice-versa). The brain bleed Sarah experienced must have affected certain structures in the right hemisphere, but the brain is capable of healing. Presumably, this is
Hemineglect does not just present itself visually, but also through other senses such as motor neglect, auditory neglect, representational neglect and also personal neglect (Plummer, Morris, & Dunai, 2003). Hemineglect is not a result of sensory disorder. It is not uncommon to receive left hemisphere lesions or trauma and gain hemisphere remission. It does seem however that it is easier to treat and rehabilitate patients to a full recovery if this damage has occurred, compared to right hemisphere damage. Hemineglect is present when there is damage to the dorsal/ visual pathway in the brain which leads from the occipital lobe of the brain to the parietal lobe.
Sperry, R. W. (1982, September 24). Some Effects of Disconnecting the Cerebral Hemispheres. Science Megazine, 217, 1223-1226.
Have you ever stopped for a moment to contemplate where you are in life? If you haven’t, then take a moment right now to imagine where you are and where you would like to be. All of the actions you have taken, thoughts you have had, and the persona you convey have created the life you have lived thus far. In the movie The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, the main character Walter Mitty has a habit of daydreaming to escape his mediocre life for a more “enhanced” life where he fantasizes about a richer and more rewarding existence. Throughout the film, Walter is able to foster
Young, A. W., Newcombe, F., Haan, E., Small, M., & Hay, D. C. (1993). Face perception after brain injury. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, Vol. 116, pp. 941-959.
Describe what evolutionary psychologists mean when they employ the term ‘theory of mind’. Use examples and research studies from Book 1, Chapter 2 to show why this theory is important in evolutionary psychology.
Roger Sperry is one of the big Neurobiologists in the 1950’s. Sperry studied the relationship of the right and left hemispheres of the brain. In one of his experiments he flashed the word “Fork” in front of the patient. If the patient was asked to say the word he could not but if asked to right the word he would start to right the word “Fork”. This happed when the two brain hemispheres were disconnected from each other. At an another experiment he placed a toothbrush in the patients left hand and blind folded the patient and was asked to identify it they could not do it. But if placed in the right hand the patient would know right away what it was. That is just one of the types of study he did in his time.
The previous insert from William Lee Adams’ article, Amputee Wannabes, describes a 33-year-old man’s wish for amputation of his foot. There was nothing physically or medically wrong with this limb; John only stated that he did not feel comfortable with his own body and felt as though his foot was not a part of him. John’s leg was amputated above the knee, and he went on to describe that the operation resolved his anxiety and allowed him to be at ease in his own body (Adams, 2007).
For years philosophers have enquired into the nature of the mind, and specifically the mysteries of intelligence and consciousness. (O’Brien 2017) One of these mysteries is how a material object, the brain, can produce thoughts and rational reasoning. The Computational Theory of Mind (CTM) was devised in response to this problem, and suggests that the brain is quite literally a computer, and that thinking is essentially computation. (BOOK) This idea was first theorised by philosopher Hilary Putnam, but was later developed by Jerry Fodor, and continues to be further investigated today as cognitive science, modern computers, and artificial intelligence continue to advance. [REF] Computer processing machines ‘think’ by recognising information