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Psychological causes of schizophrenia essay
Schizophrenia research paper
Abstract about schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia is a psychiatric, thought disorder that is characterized by two different types of psychotic symptoms that include negative and positive symptoms. Negative symptoms include apathy, poor social functioning, and lacking emotions. Positive symptoms consist of delusions, hallucinations, and racing thoughts. Schizophrenia was first diagnosed in 1887 by a woman named Dr. Emile Kraepelin. The concept of Schizophrenia was then studies more by Eugen Bleuler, who foreshadowed current views of this disorder in his 1911 works called Dementia Praecox and The Group of Schizophrenias(Tsuang & Glatt, 2011). The common name for this disorder is Schizophrenia, but it can also be characterized as integration-dysregulation syndrome. The onset of …show more content…
The findings of what parts of the brain are contributing to the cause of schiozohreia are wide ranged, but there are some evidence to the possible causes.The two sections of the brain that are most seen to be affecting schizophrenia are the temporal cortex, including hippocampus and amygdala, and prefrontal cortex(Trotman & Nillinghouse, 2009).With this being said, modern studies confirm a degenerative loss or disorganization of neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes(Straube & Oades, 1992). Many scientists also think that some chemical reactions of the brain involving neurotransmitters, including dopamine and glutamate, could play a role in developing schizophrenia. The issue with the causes of schizophrenia is the simple fact that researchers are not for sure on just one type of cause. The brain has shown abnormalities in multiple parts of the brain in different schizophrenia patients. There have been many strong genetic basis when talking about the genetic term for schizophrenia. First-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients have almost a 10-fold increase risk and a 50-fold increase risk for twins compared to the general populations (Williamson, 2006). Since there is not one distinctive characteristic that causes schizophrenia, it is important to focus on the specific parts of the brain that is shared among multiple schizophrenia patients. Continuing to do studies on the frontal and temporal lobes in detail could lead to a more distinctive cause of
Schizophrenia: From Mind to Molecule. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. Kalat, J. (2004). Biological Psychology.
According to (Barlow, 2001), Schizophrenia is a psychological or mental disorder that makes the patient recognize real things and to have abnormal social behavior. Schizophrenia is characterized by symptoms such as confused thinking, hallucinations, false beliefs, demotivation, reduced social interaction and emotional expressions (Linkov, 2008). Diagnosis of this disorder is done through observation of patient’s behavior, and previously reported experiences (Mothersill, 2007). In this paper, therefore, my primary goal is to discuss Schizophrenia and how this condition is diagnosed and treated.
Schizophrenia is a disorder that affects about 1 in 100 people at different stages in their lives and is very difficult to diagnose. It has many symptoms that typically begin to appear around age 18-30 (2). Signs of Schizophrenia can be misread and sometimes overlooked due to the amount of other disorders that share many of the symptoms. Autism is one example. Symptoms can be classified into "negative" and "positive." Negative symptoms could be seen as those that are absent but should be present. Examples of negative symptoms include lack of motivation or apathy, blunted feelings, depression, and social withdrawal (1). Positive symptoms are those that should be present but are absent. Some examples of positive symptoms are hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, and an altered sense of self (1). It is thought that hallucinations are the...
Schizophrenia affects nearly about two million people in the United States, according to the SARDAA ( Schizophrenic and Related Disorders Alliance of America). People who have schizophrenia often see and hear people's voices in their mind, they believe that such people are out to get them and trying to harm them. It is difficult to separate the people who have schizophrenia with the ones that have not. Until you hear someone speak during a schizophrenic episode, then it seems like they have lost touch with reality. This is from the lack of activity in the frontal lobe, but the parietal lobe of the brain is overactive. The frontal lobe controls organization skills, memory, and other cognitive skills while the parietal lobe of the brain controls sound, sight, and other functions. The overuse of the parietal lobe can cause these senses to be distorted (Stanley J.Swierzewski,lll, M.D.). People who are affected with this disorder tend to have varying factors. People have tried to figure out what starts schizophrenia, however little is known about this controversial disorder and it is classified as a genetic disorder. The treatments do not always cure the disorder and many people learn how to cope with it own their own. It is suggested that this complex disorder affects people differently and has many treatments available.
Lesley Stevens and Ian Rodin justified the need of acquisition to the mental disorders’ aetiology in their book “Psychiatry”. They pointed out the fact that psychiatrists need to be familiar with the contribution of a particular disorder in order to make a more confident in the diagnosis. Knowing the aetiology of psychotic disorder is as important as the diagnosis. For the simple reason that psychotic disorders do not have particular tests that can be made for diagnosis; on the contrary, physical illnesses do. Knowing the probability of patients vulnerability to a particular disorder helps in the diagnosis. They gave an example explaining that the probability of having angina is more likely in a 60-year-old male smoker rather than a 30 year-old female non-smoker. Although the causes of schizophrenia remains incompletely reveled, research has shown strong factors that might contribute to the disorder. The factors that increase the risk of schizophrenia include: genetics, environmental factors, and some encephalon(brain) abnormalities.
Schizophrenia is an internal disease caused by fundamental organizational differences in the brain. It begins to be noticed in a person's late teens through twenties. Signs of it can be seen from early childhood and it is now being hypothesized that it is actually present during adolescence (1). Since this hypothesis extends to fetal development, brain formation in the earliest stages is effected. The alteration of pathways and deviation of neurotransmitters from normal arrangement is believed to be a factor behind the affliction. The brain of these individuals forms differently. Neurotransmitters are believed to misfire altering the chemical balance of the brain causing behavioral problems. There are deficits in cortical and subcortical cognitive processes (5). There are also enlarged ventricles in the brain causing further impairment of ability (3). When the disease is present there are certain symptoms that are easily recognizable. They fall into three categories overt, negative, and positive. The overt symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, alteration of the senses, inability to sort and then respond appropriately to incoming sensations, an altered sense of self, and changes in behavior (2). The negative symptoms are emotional flatness, inability to start or follow through on activities, brief speech lacking content, and lack of pleasure or interest in life (2). All of these include an inhibition on processing information and further imply a differentiation in the normal self. The basic information above provides a solid background to understanding the disease and already possible problems to a person's I-function can be seen.
Some people have many different views and ideas about schizophrenia and what really is considered schizophrenia. “Eugen Bleuler had four primary symptoms were abnormal associations, autistic behavior and thinking, abnormal affect, and ambivalence. As well as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association in its second edition was heavily influenced by Bleulers criteria to make the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Bleuler thought that between thought processes and thought, emotion, and behavior to be the hallmark of illnesses and the most obvious and striking manifestation of schizophrenia were only ‘accessory symptoms’ and saw symptoms of schizophrenia in a continuum with normal behavior” (Kaplan and Sadock, page 1432). The definition of schizophrenia is not just one disorder; other disorders branch out of the vague and interesting schizophrenia as in paranoid, catatonia, hebephrenia, disorganized, undifferentiated, residual, and many more.
From long time, dopaminergic hypothesis of schizophrenia has got importance because of increased dopaminergic activity in subcortical brain areas associated with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. In contrast to increased dopaminergic activity in the subcortical area, evidence indicates that dopaminergic activity is decreased in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenic patients (Perlstein et al., 2001). Reduction in dopaminergic D1 receptors and density of dopaminergic fiber...
According to the recent research from Biochemical theories states that schizophrenia is caused by neurotransmitter dopamine in the prefrontal cortex which is a chemical that transmits signals in the brain. On the other hand the researchers states that psychological factors is cognitive function such as learning, m...
Schizophrenia has long been known as a psychotic disorder, having five different categories. The symptoms of Schizophrenia can include negative symptoms, hallucinations, disorganized speech and thought patterns. Also abnormal or disorganized motor behavior, and delusions. Many patients experience psychotic episodes, while some never experience psychosis. The objective of this study was to try and determine why
Schizophrenia is a mental illness and disorder affecting a person’s ability to think, feel, and act. This disorder can cause a person difficulty in discerning the real from the imaginary. This adversely affects social skills and personal emotions. Schizophrenia is very different from bipolar disorder or split personality disorder.
Schizophrenia is a mental illness that affects many people all over the world. This disease not only affects the person with it, but it also has its toll on society and the patient's ranking among everyone. They could be considered insane by society, they could also suffer greatly from their own disease without really knowing because it affects the way they think, as if what is happening is completely reasonable and logical, and they can be driven out of society by the fear that might be put into the minds of individuals who see the affects of schizophrenia on someone. Schizophrenia is a very serious disorder that can affects not only the mind, but the overall social status, resulting in a loss of self esteem.
Schizophrenia is a chronic debilitating disease to the individuals and families it affects. Despite the incidence of schizophrenia being relatively low schizophrenia is also a major contributor to the global burden of disease. This substantial burden stems from two critical features, the early onset of the disorder and the large proportion of individuals who experience persisting or fluctuating incapacitating symptoms despite receiving treatments. Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia usually experience a combination of symptoms which can be categorized into three broad categories, negative, positive, and cognitive symptoms. Psychotic behaviors not seen in healthy people such as person experiencing hallucinations which would include hearing voices, delusions, patterns of disorganized speech and abnormal motor behavior can be categorized as positive symptoms. Negative symptoms are associated with disruptions in what would be considered as normal behavior or emotional reactions. These symptoms would include an individual showing a lack of pleasure in everyday life, ability to start and complete simple tasks efficiently and projecting a dull or monotonous voice while speaking. Cognitive symptoms are more subtle in presentation and can include an individual unable to perform simple cerebral tasks including the inability to process information or focus and pay attention. Although schizophrenia been researched for decades, its etiology and pathogenesis remains ambiguous.
Schizophrenia is a serious disorder which affects how a person’s think, feels and acts. Psychological disorder, also known to some as a mental illness, is a disorder of the mind involving thoughts, behaviors, and emotions that cause self –distress. Under these circumstances, it is also a condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning such as taking care of personal needs, a danger to self or others. Although, it is a number of factors that can cause a person to behavior a certain ways, this topic will allow us to understand the signs and symptoms, the prognosis and what causes the Schizophrenia disorder.
In order to understand what schizophrenia is you first have to know where it originates. Kraepelin, Emil (1856–1926) was a German psychiatrist who believed in the physical basis of mental disorders and expressed the necessity of a scientific and objective approach to understanding mental functioning. Krapelin was the first person to classify schizophrenia as a severe mental illness but when he first classified it he named the disease dementia praecox. Kraepelin believed that these were distinct diseases with separate causes, courses, and outcomes. He died in Munich on Oct. 7, 1926. The name dementia praecox was kept until Eugen Bleuler. Changed the name to schizophrenia. Bleuler was a Swiss psychiatrist, who is mostly known for his extensive study of schizophrenia. He was born in Zürich on April 30, 1857, and received his medical degree from the University of Zürich. Bleuler came to believe that "dementia praecox," which was regarded as a single disease, was, in fact, a group of psychiatric reactions. He came up with the term "schizophrenia" as the new name for these reactions. This name came to be from the Gr...