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Recommended: Childhood memory
When I was child I remember loving wildlife I’d go to the lake fishing with my big brothers they were always the best fishers and I wanted to stay up to par I noticed the fish at the lake were more attracted to live bait so I immediately researched a strategy to freeze frogs with a flashlight before bedtime I’d take a trip to the lake and would collect as many frogs as possible in a bucket one night I decided to dissect one of my frogs outside on the patio and my father caught me and gave me a lesson not to ever do that again I felt terrible, however, this was the start to my infatuation with science.
This Article is to inform the audience of satellite cells and its correlation to the regeneration and reproduction process along with an illustration
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Myogenin is required for the fusion of myogenic precursor cells to either new or previously existing fibers during the process myogenin and has been observed to induce myogenesis in non-muscle cell type as well. Mcf2 (MCF.2 cell line derived transforming sequence) is a nucleotide exchange factor proteins that stimulate the exchange bound to other proteins, (Laclef 2003) indicates Six (Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen Of Prostate 1) is a gene found in the prostate tissue, MyoD (Family inhibitor) is a transcription factor that negatively regulates myogenic family proteins it interferes with myogenic factors by masking (NLS) nuclear localization the amino acid fusion that bonds to proteins that import into the cell nucleus via nuclear transport this consist of one or more short positive charges on the protein surface so MyoD’s negative regulation would prevent DNA binding also Myf6 (Herculin) Myogenic Factor 6 it’s another indespecible regulatory factor in the myogenesis
The cells unique nature has scientists intrigued to do research with the focus of finding a way that these cells can be used to replace patients’ injured or diseased tissues. Advancement is made to all the three types of stem cells namely embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells in addition to induced pluripotent cells. Embryonic cells are the building blocks of an embryo that is developing, and can develop into almost all body cell types. Somatic cells are found in the body tissues. They renew and regenerate in healthy bodies. The third type which is induced pluripotent is genetically modified embryo cells from skin cells.2 Research on these cells are geared towards saving humanity; a noble course.
Regeneration is a process in which tissue molds itself into an exact replica of an injured or severed part. The process of regeneration depends on different factors such as the environment and the development of the organism in question (Br, 1955). Regeneration occurs in several steps and the organism must have the ability to perform each one for successful regeneration with minimal loss of necessary function. First, after a wound is made muscular contraction closes up the wound (Pellettieri et al., 2010). Next a blastema, a group of undifferentiated cells, forms and will differentiate into the missing parts. Lastly the undifferentiated cells go through epimorphosis where the lost parts are formed by the blastema (Reddien & Sánchez Alvarado, 2004).
Both skeletal and smooth muscle use actin and myosin to build their contractile elements, however their arrangement is different. In both muscle types there are two types of filaments: thick and thin. Within skeletal muscle, actin and myosin are arranged in myofibrils. Thin filaments in skeletal muscle are formed from filamentous actin, nebulin, tropomyosin and troponin. The length of thin filaments is defined by nebulin to form filaments of 1µm in length (Martini). Thick filaments are composed of “about 300 myosin molecules, each made up of a pair of myosin subunits twisted around one another”. Myosin molecules bind to one another via their long tail, leaving the head free to bind to the nearest thin filament. Thick filaments also have a specific length of 1.6µm and between 10 and 12 µm in diameter (Martini). The arrangement of these myofilaments in myofibrils and repeating sarcomeres, gives skeletal muscle its striated and regular appearance, as shown in f...
New cells are often produced in the body during growth and development. In addition, new cells also develop as the body repairs and remodels its tissues after an injury. These new cells come from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are considered as multipotent cells. MSCs are found in various parts of the body during growth and development, but in adults, they are present in the bone marrow, where they later differentiate, mature and migrate to become more specialized cells with unique functions. These cells' potential to develop into bone cells, cartilage cells, muscle cells and fat cells makes their role in regeneration, repair and remodelling important, especially when the body undergoes the normal process of aging or recovers from disease or injury.
This report does a fairly comprehensive job on educating the public to the definition of stem cells, describing them as “a diverse group of remarkable multipotent cells that are relatively undifferentiated and unspecialized cells of the body.” Stem cells have the capacity for unlimited self-renewal and the possibility to produce differentiated descendant cell types. The main in...
Rippon, H. and Bishop, A. 2004. Embryonic stem cells. Cell Proliferation, 37 (1), pp. 23--34.
The sarcomere is found in structures called myofibrils which make up skeletal muscle fibres. Within the sarcomere there are various different proteins. One of the most significant, myosin is found in the thick filaments of the sarcomere. Although both cells contain myosin, it is important to highlight that smooth muscle cells contain a much lower percentage of myosin compared to skeletal muscle cells. Despite this, myosin filaments in smooth muscle cells bind to actin filaments in a manner similar to that in skeletal muscle cells; although there are some differences. For instance, myosin filaments in smooth muscle cells are saturated with myosin heads so that myosin can glide over bound actin filaments over longer distances, enabling smooth muscle cells to stretch further, whilst in skeleta...
I have always had a passion for animals. As a young child, I was convinced I constantly needed new animals, but we never had the space to care for them. In an effort to fill my desire to be involved with animals, my mom decided to sign me up for English horseback riding lessons. Although I never really believed I would enjoy English riding, I went to the horse barn about two times a week to practice. Over time, I learned to enjoy the sport and I created a bond with the horse I rode; he became my best friend. We went to competitions almost every single weekend and I won multiple awards. When my parents separated I had to stop competing. I was devastated to leave the behind the horse I had grown to love, however, I knew that this would not be the end of my future with animals.
In the 1900’s, T.H. Morgan began to study planarian regeneration. In order to study the regeneration of old tissue into new tissue, Morgan began to study with “cell marking experiments” (Alvarado and Newmark, 4). The cell marking experiments were carried out “by cauterizing pigment stripes and
I value an education, it is a vital tool to succeed and survived in very competitive world. I strongly believed that learning and knowledge are highly prized in all societies. In the process of enriching myself I have experience many proud moments. One of them is pig’s brain dissection in my AP Biology Lab. I am always curious to know and see complex brain’s anatomical internal structure. The day I performed the dissection I was thrilled as it was not only satisfying my hunger of learning, but also a first step toward my career goal. Today, again I got chance to dissect a strawberry. The entire process to separate strand of DNA was very interesting and observing DNA was the most fascinating work for me. I still remember my 9th
At age eleven I asked my mother if I could watch The Silence of the Lambs, whose VHS case synopsis promised the most exciting psychological thriller of the century. She unequivocally refused, so naturally, I went behind her back and watched it anyway. The movie scared the bejeezus out of me, but afterward I knew that I wanted to be FBI profiler Agent Starling when I grew up. Years later I would realize that my interest was not in chasing serial killers for the FBI, but in understanding how roughly 85 billion neurons in a three-pound organ dictate how one comes to be Buffalo Bill the serial killer and not Bill the tax accountant.
When I was three years old, I spent my summer in a pond by my home chasing frogs and snakes. When I was five years old, my mother found me sleeping under a mare with her foal. When I was fifteen I spent my spare time working for a family friend’s thoroughbred farm. However, my first love for animal care was born when I was nineteen when I first held an owl. I was an extremely fortunate child to grow up in the Maine wilderness as I did, learning to marvel at the raw beauty of nature at a young age. I attended a nature themed summer camp every year throughout my youth, learning about the sciences of soil and water systems and how they impacted the animals around them. I took every opportunity to immerse myself in animals at any opportunity, from
Because cells are the ‘basic unit of life’, the study of cells, cytology, can be considered one of the most important areas of biological research. Almost every day on the evening news, we are told about new discoveries in cell biology, such as cancer research, cloning, and embryology. (https://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0073031216/student_view0/exercise3/the_importance_of_cell_biology.html)
My family and I rarely went on outings; my parents were always busy or at work. Likewise, family trips or vacations were something my parents could not afford. The first time I ever fully experienced the beauty of nature was when I went on a week long trip with my fifth grade class to an outdoor school. This was the first time I went on a real hike and the first time I was really in the middle of nature. Walking through the forest, listening to the birds chirp and the graceful movement of the leaves in the wind changed my perspective. That week, I realized how much beauty there was to discover on Earth. My relationship with the environment started during that trip in fifth grade as I realized that the world is such an immense place full of things to admire and unearth. It was something wholly new to me. I fell in love with the
Have you ever thought about how that little phone in your hand works? What about how you always seem to have internet and cable access? A satellite is a device put into orbit around Earth that uses receivers, amplifiers, and transmitters to receive and send signals around the globe (“Communications Satellite Aug. 2007”). Satellites provide the signals to these and more devices. Satellites orbit Earth and provide global communications, as well as collect valuable data. Many countries and companies currently compete for the valuable orbits for satellites. Individuals and countries alike have pushed themselves and each other to improve their space technology by testing and using new and innovative ideas.