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The Civil Rights Movement in the US
Chapter 9 african american history
Civil rights movement in the USA
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Although fighting for equality of rights since Reconstruction's final days, America saw the greatest surges of progress during the civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s, thanks to the efforts of organizations like the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Despite the successes of these organizations, the tactics of the SCLC and the SNCC differed significantly from those of the NAACP. While the NAACP's victories in court cases would have a longer-lasting impact on the improvement of civil rights, the more direct tactics of non-violent confrontation employed by the SCLC and the SNCC were able to
How and why were the NAACP and the National Urban League more than civil rights organisations? Consider the period up to 1930.
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC, was created on the campus of Shaw University in Raleigh in April 1960. SNCC was created after a group of black college students from North Carolina A&T University refused to leave a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina where they had been denied service. This sparked a wave of other sit-ins in college towns across the South. SNCC coordinated these sit-ins across the nation, supported their leaders, and publicized their activities. SNCC sought to affirm the philosophical or religious ideal of nonviolence as the foundation of their purpose. In the violently changing political climate of the 60’s, SNCC struggled to define its purpose as it fought white oppression. Out of SNCC came some of today's black leaders, such as former Washington, D.C. mayor Marion Barry, Congressman John Lewis and NAACP chairman Julian Bond. Together with hundreds of other students, they left a lasting impact on American history.
The Civil Rights Movement had a timeline of events from the 1940’s with events that are still occurring today. During the 1960’s, the Civil Rights of black people in America improved greatly. The first even from the 60’s was on February 1, 1960, when four black students were at Woolworth’s lunch counter and was denied service. Because of this these four men began a non-violent protest or sit-in, this display created a chain reaction and many more non-violent protests throughout the south. Six months later, however, these four men were eating at the same lunch counter they were originally refused service at. In April of the same year the SNCC or student non-violent coordinating committee was formed, which gave the young black people a place in the Civil Rights movement. The following year on May 4, 1961, student volunteers were testing the new segregation laws buy riding the buses and trains, they were known as “freedom riders”. During this time the freedom riders were attacked by angry mobs along the way, this led to CORE, or Congress of Racial Equality. In 1962, the first black student enrolled at the University of Mississippi, James Meredith, this caused such violence and riots President Kennedy sent in 5,000 federal troops to handle the situation. In 1963, August 28th, approximately 200,000 people joined together in Washington where they heard Martin Luther King’s famous “I had a Dream” speech. On Septembe...
The movements that emerged after 1955 were church-based, cross-class movements that stressed legalistic civil rights. This was the era of effective leaders like Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. whom acknowledged the failure of the movement to address the persistent realities of poverty and economic discrimination. This movement dismantled segregation eliminated racism in southern politics empowered black officeholders and changed the day to day interactions between the races. Movements to obtain civil rights for black Americans have had a special historical significance. It has endured challenges not only by white supremacist groups but that of new black militant organizations (Black Panther Party) that rallied for violence. In spite of agitations/obstacles this movement has broken many race barriers and allowed for accommodations for blacks. Sit- in and non-violent boycott movements have been effective techniques used to break segregation barriers. Such
Some Americans had a difficult time accepting people of color as their equals, for many still believed that that whites were superior to blacks. Even to the extent that “many Christian ministries and theologians taught that whites were the chosen people, blacks were cursed to be servants, and God supported racial segregation.” African Americans were treated as second class citizens and had to follow Jim Crow Laws, which segregated both white and people of color in areas such as school, restaurants, and many more. The Jim Crow Laws along with cases where black people were unjustly murdered by white people acted as a catalyst for the creation of civil right movement groups. Amongst such groups was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which was led by Martin Luther King Jr. King’s method of using peaceful protest paved the way to equal rights, because as King describes in his Power of Non Violence
Success was a big part of the Civil Rights Movement. Starting with the year 1954, there were some major victories in favor of African Americans. In 1954, the landmark trial Brown vs. The Board of Education of Topeka Kansas ruled that segregation in public education was unfair. This unanimous Supreme Court decision overturned the prior Plessy vs. Ferguson case during which the “separate but equal” doctrine was created and abused. One year later, Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. launched a bus boycott in Montgomery Alabama after Ms. Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat in the “colored section”. This boycott, which lasted more than a year, led to the desegregation of buses in 1956. Group efforts greatly contributed to the success of the movement. This is not only shown by the successful nature of the bus boycott, but it is shown through the success of Martin Luther King’s SCLC or Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The conference was notable for peacefully protesting, nonviolence, and civil disobedience. Thanks to the SCLC, sit-ins and boycotts became popular during this time, adding to the movement’s accomplishments. The effective nature of the sit-in was shown during 1960 when a group of four black college students sat down at a Woolworth’s lunch counter in hopes of being served. While they were not served the first time they commenced their sit-in, they were not forced to leave the establishment; their lack of response to the heckling...
...from skin color to men and women. “SNCC debated everything. After deliberating over whether to focus on desegregation or voting rights, SNCC decided to do both. Similarly, after debating the role of white supporters in the movement, the organization decided that the “movement should not be considered one for Negroes but one for people who consider this a movement against injustice. This would include members of all races.”” No one should be treated differently or have to live with a title that doesn’t apply to them. No one should have more power than someone else. SNCC did not use violence to get their point of equality across. They protested and set rules for themselves. SNCC played a central role in the desegregation and voter registration campaigns that followed in the Deep South. SNCC had workers that were dedicated to change the way society was in the 1960’s.
The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) was equivalent to the NAACP, and it challenged discrimination and segregation of Latino students. In 1946 the LULAC won the very important court case of Mendez v Westminster. The California Supreme Court ordered desegregated schools in Orange County. The state legislature in response repealed all school laws that required racial segregation. The major goals of the Civil Rights Movement were to end segregation, desegregate schools and other public facilities, access to jobs and housing, and to reverse the Plessy v Ferguson court case that said separate but equal. The way members of the Civil Rights Movement tried to achieve these goals were things like sit-ins, boycotts, and major court cases.
[12] “Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).” African American History. About, Inc. 2004. http://afroamhistory.about.com/od/sncc/a/sncc.htm (03 Dec. 2004)
During the freedom rides SNCC members rode buses all over southern when discrimination and segregation are the most important. SNCC has a important rule in the 1963 March in Washington when Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his speech I have a dream", Two million people went to hear the speech in August 1963. “Therefore the SNCC movement was that more than two million african Americans participated in the March for Our Lives, the gun-violence happen in front of them.” This explains that two million really want to support the SNCC movement so they attended the march . The effective strategy was that the wrote newspaper about people using violence on teens and have a photo as a evidence on the newspaper. The least effective strategy was the march
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an organization with many groups and individuals who stand up for civil rights. The SCLC advocated non violent, passive protesting and was originally founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King Jr. and lead by him until 1968 Most SCLC members are churches and civil rights groups. Though it is open to anyone, most members are black protestant ministers. King and other leaders went through many steps in becoming a group of civil rights activists. The SCLC was moved to Chicago to focus on major issues that the SCLC believed in. Though most thought that their Chicago efforts were less than successful, in 1964 the civil rights act was put into place.
African Americans served in these separate units, only to return home to segregation, “the Jim Crow South with legal (de jure) segregation, and North with informal (de facto) segregation”(Currently Reading). The Civil Rights Movement was one led by both African Americans and whites, “using tactics such as sit-ins, marches, and civil disobedience”(Edwards). As the movement gained more support, the Supreme Court was being challenged, led by “the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which was established by W.E.B. DuBois and other black and white, male and female reformers in 1909”(Currently
The Civil Rights Movement brought to light the immorality of segregationist laws, and much in part to the methods of civil disobedience that they used, these laws were eventually removed. Since legal methods proved to be ineffective, peaceful resistance was seen as the only solution to the racial issues that plagued the U.S during this time. As Martin Luther King said in Letter from Birmingham Jail, “The purpose of our direct-action program is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation.” When negotiations had not lead to action, Martin Luther King realized that civil disobedience would be the only route to justice. The direct-action used in the Civil Rights Movement was routed in peaceful resistance and nonviolent tensions, which created the right amount of constructive tension necessary to spark growth. Where there was growth, there was change. This change and equality would simply not have been reached -- at least not timely -- without peaceful
The Civil Rights Movement worked to end segregation in the United States. During this time, city buses were segregated: Whites could sit in the front, but Blacks were not allowed to. In an effort to end this segregation, Blacks refused to ride the city buses. This way of protesting was met with violence, yet it managed to stay nonviolent. In the end, this nonviolence worked, and “segregation on city buses was ruled unconstitutional”(Social Protests). Another example of nonviolent protests are sit-ins. The article “Social Protests” stated, “In February 1960, four black college freshman started sit-ins.” They sat at a restaurant that refused to serve black people and refused to leave. The article also stated,“By April 1960, more than 50,000 students had joined sit-ins.” These protesters were met with violence, but they refused to stop. This paid off in the end because many restaurants started to serve them. These protesters did it right. They were beaten up and constantly opposed, but they did not resort to violence. They showed that they could be the bigger person, even in the worst of times. They peacefully stood up for what they believed in and did not give up. Of course, there were violent protests during the Civil Rights Movement. According to the article “Social Protests”, in the beginning there were not many, but after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., violence became more common. Eventually a whole
The African American Civil Rights Movement was a series of protests in the United States South from approximately 1955 through 1968. The overall goal of the Civil Rights Movement was to achieve racial equality before the law. Protest tactics were, overall, acts of civil disobedience. Rarely were they ever intended to be violent. From sit-ins to boycotts to marches, the activists involved in the Civil Rights Movement were vigilant and dedicated to the cause without being aggressive. While African-American men seemed to be the leaders in this epic movement, African-American women played a huge role behind the scenes and in the protests.