Introduction
This report outlines the outstanding contributions of Robin J. Warren’s research to the discipline of pathology and his medical science. The report will firstly describe Warren's personal and academic background, before delving into an explanation of his field of gastrointestinal pathology and how an understanding of that discipline is essential to the practice of medicine. It analyses the state of disciplinary knowledge at the time of his achievements and discusses the process of which Helicobacter pylori has been identified as a cause of gastritis, an inflammation of the stomach lining, and peptic ulceration, which are lesions in the lining (mucosa) of the digestive tract. This subsequently leads to an evaluation of his contribution to pathology and thus, contemporary medical practice.
Part 1
Biographical information
Robin Warren (1937 -) is an Australian
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pylori within the infoldings of the gastric epithelium. The bacteria cause inflammation at the site of infection, causing the hormone gastrin to be secreted. This hormone is transported to parietal cells in the fundus by the bloodstream (Blaser & Atherton, 2004), where it induces more acid to be secreted into the stomach. Consequently, the increased acidity damages the duodenum and eventually result in the formation of ulcers (Schubert & Peura, 2008).
Through further research, it is also now known that H. pylori survives in the acidic environment of the gastric mucosa by synthesising urease and producing ammonia (Levinson, 2010). The ammonia reacts with the acid pH surrounding the bacteria, allowing it to grow in an almost neutral environment. Additionally, the ammonia produced damages gastric mucosa and results in gastritis. Currently, urease activity has become the basis of the urea breath test that is currently used to screen H. pylori infections (Lynch, 2005).
Contribution to medical
Making H. pylori a vital microorganism to research in order to expand the study of microbiology and its interaction with humans. According to Blaser, the H. pylori “is a group of extremely varied strains cooperating and competing with one another. They compete for nutrients, niches in the stomach and protection from stresses.” There can be a variety of strains found in a single stomach, and even though they appear identical, their genes are very different.
The helicobacter pylori bacterium also commonly known as H. pylori is a spiral shaped bacterium that is often found growing in the digestive tract. H. pylori bacteria are found in more than half of the world’s population. The bacteria normally attack the lining of the stomach and the small intestines. Although they are present in many people the H. pylori bacteria is usually harmless. The bacteria are adapted to live and survive in the acidic environment of the digestive tract. Furthermore, H. pylori reduces the acidity of the environment around it to survive and will penetrate the lining of the stomach and small intestines where the mucus lining protects it from the body’s immune cells. H. pylori sometimes can interfere with the body’s immune response to ensure their survival and this causes stomach problems (Flemin & Alcamo, 2007).
“Ah, the creative process is the same secret in science as it is in art,” said Josef Mengele, comparing science to an art. He was less of an artist and more of a curious, debatably crazy, doctor. He was a scientist in Nazi Germany. In general, there was a history of injustice in the world targeting a certain race. When Mengele was around, there were very few medical regulations, so no consent had to be given for doctors to take patients’ cells and other tests done on the patients’ bodies without their consent. This was the same time that Henrietta Lacks lived. Henrietta Lacks was an African American woman who went to the doctor because she had cervical cancer. Her cells were taken and are still alive in culture today (Skloot 41). Hence, her cells were nicknamed Immortal (Skloot 41). Although many, at the time, saw no issue with using a patient without consent issue with what?, on numerous occasions since then courts have determined that having consent is necessary for taking any cells. The story of Henrietta lacks is has similarities to an episode of Law and Order titled Immortal, which is an ethical conundrum. Despite this, the shows are not exactly the same and show differences between them. Both of these stories, one supposedly fictional, can also be compared to the injustices performed by Josef Mengele in Nazi Germany.
When asked to write about an important activist who has demonstrated protest, I immediately drifted towards a Hispanic and/or feminist activist. Various names came across my mind initially such as Cesar Chavez and Joan Baez but as a later discussion in class concluded, there are numerous others who are rarely highlighted for their activism and struggles, which lead to me researching more. In my research I came across Dolores Huerta, an American labor leader and civil rights activist, who I felt was an underdog and brushed over activist in the Hispanic community.
The stomach naturally produces acid, which is mainly responsible for food digestion and the destruction of any foreign pathogen or bacteria ingested with food. Acid is secreted by stimulating the partial
Ruby Nell Bridges played a significant role within the civil rights movement because she led the fight in desegregating schools in the south by being the first black student to attend an all white school there. She was born on September 8, 1954 in Tylertown, Mississippi. This was the same year that the Supreme Court made its Brown v. Board of Education decision. At the age of four she and her family moved from Mississippi to New Orleans.
“When I sing, I don't want them to see that my face is black. I don't want them to see that my face is white. I want them to see my soul. And that is colorless.” Marian Anderson, an African American opera singer, was not only known for her soprano to bass voice range, but also for her positive attitude on being a black singer during the Civil Rights Movement (Bio). Although Marian is not widely known today, her success at such a young age, numerous famous performances, perseverance during the Constitution Hall incident, and her attitude after the incident caused not only Americans, but presidents to look at civil rights differently.
Rosa Parks got numerous honors amid her lifetime, including the Spingarn Medal, the NAACP's most noteworthy grant, and the prestigious Martin Luther King Jr. Honor. On September 9, 1996, President Bill Clinton granted Parks the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the most noteworthy honor given by the United States' official branch. The next year, she was granted the Congressional Gold Medal, the most elevated recompense given by the U.S. administrative branch. In 1999, TIME magazine named Rosa Parks on its rundown of "The 20 most compelling People of the twentieth Century."
This darling little curly top young star became an extraordinary role model for many people during the Great Depression Era. So who is the little girl I refer to? I am speaking about Shirley Temple Black, perhaps best known to most of us as that little golden star “Shirley Temple”. She stared in many motion pictures and television roles such as Heidi, Little Miss Maker, Curly Top, and the Littlest Rebel, just to name a few. This young child became an exemplarily visionary leader role model to many. She enriched the world by her astounding accomplishments not only as a young star but as her leadership role the political field arena, (Forbes, 2014). I will briefly be pointing out her accomplishments that made her a visionary and ethical leader for many and why I believe her leadership skills has made an impact to me.
Elizabeth Holmes, the founder and former CEO of Theranos, was charged with multiple counts of fraud related to her company's blood-testing technology. Holmes and her company committed securities fraud, and allegedly misled investors about Theranos' technology, capabilities, and financial performance in order to attract funding. Holmes also committed wire fraud, it was alleged that Holmes and other executives at Theranos used electronic communications, such as emails and phone calls, to deceive investors and others about the company's technology and prospects. Holmes was also charged with conspiracy to commit wire fraud and securities fraud. This charge relates to the alleged collaboration between Holmes and other executives to deceive investors,
The famous text by Deborah Ellis, Parvana. A young eleven-year-old girl named Parvana and her family go through the brutal ruling of the Taliban. The strict rule mostly regards women to be always covered up out in the public and cannot go out of their house without a man. Parvana’s family is one of the unfortunate ones as she has two sisters and one baby brother. War has impacted children like Parvana and how it shapes their experiences and perspectives.
Daydreaming is something that everybody does to escape reality from time to time, and it has been proven to have many benefits. Daydreaming gives the ability to be more creative by working both sides of the brain. It can also remind a person of their future goals and ambitions. Daydreams help to ease some bad memories as well. James Thurber takes this simple idea of daydreaming and applies it to his famous short story, “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty." The story follows Walter Mitty through his daydreams, allowing him to take the roles of bold and courageous people. To this day, the affable daydreamer's legacy lives on with his name even being in the dictionary. "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" has also seen multiple movie remakes with one being released recently. While daydreaming is something that everybody does, the way Walter Mitty daydreams excessively is dangerous to him and people around him, especially when driving. It also affects Walter Mitty socially when he blocks out his surrounding and goes into a reverie when around other people. In the recent movie and the short story, Walter Mitty uses his daydreams to escape from a life that he is dissatisfied with into an alternate world where he can delve into his aspirations. Walter Mitty expresses his dissatisfaction towards his life through his daydreams because he wants to have excitement and accomplishments, power and authority, and he wants to be a person or have traits that he lacks.
It has three functions which are to act as a food reserve, to break down food further whilst mixing it with digestive juices and to start protein digestion (Aspinall and Cappello, 2009). There are gastric pits within the gastric mucosa that produce hydrochloric acid, mucus and pepsin. The process of breaking down and mixing the food with digestive juices takes approximately two hours using the muscles to contract and mix the contents of the stomach. Once this is complete, chyme is produced which moves into the duodenum (Dallas, 2012).
Robert King Merton, an American sociologist submitted a model organizing where people fit in the sequence of adopting cultural ethics. Merton recognized that society displays affection towards individualism and economic prosperity, nevertheless, he detected the imbalance in social equality and the possibility of growth in all factors of life. Those who are a part of the lower to middle class do not have equal opportunity to grow than those who are born into the upper class. When one is put in a situation where they are forced to use extreme effort to real their goals, it produces a strain. Due to this strain, human beings may adapt differently.
Many people in the world are compassionate when leading, but there are many who take the power to their heads. Mother Teresa was kind and sympathetic, and the pigs who ruled over Animal Farm were not. In Orwell’s novel, the pigs took over the farm and used the benefits of it only for themselves, not what the other animals need. Mother Teresa, charitable and kind, was very caring and helped the poor when they needed aid. She cared about others more than herself.