A. Computed Tomography (CT) Computed Tomography (CT) is a biomedical imaging technique which produces cross-section images also called "slices" of anatomy of the human body. Radiographic beams are made incident on the human body. The reflected radio beams create a detailed computerized picture taken with a specialized X-ray machine. CT is more precise than a standard X-ray, and provides a clearer image. Fig.1 shows a CT scan of transverse view of the brain. The cross-sectional images are used for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The CT imaging system consists of a motorized table which moves the patient through a circular opening. While the patient is inside the opening, an X-ray source and a detector assembly within the system rotate around the patient. A single rotation typically takes a second or less. During rotation the X-ray source produces a narrow, fan-shaped beam of X-rays that passes through a section of the patient's body. Detectors in rows opposite the X-ray source register the X-rays that pass through the patient's body as a snapshot in the process of creating an image [3, 8]. Many different "snapshots" (at many angles through the patient) are collected during one complete rotation. For each rotation of the X-ray source and detector assembly, the image data are sent to a computer to reconstruct all of the individual "snapshots" into one or multiple cross-sectional images (slices) of the internal organs and tissues [19]. Fig.2 shows the CT images for multiple slices of the brain. The minimum and maximum number of CT slices range from 1 to 64 and 320 [18, 19]. Fig. 1 Transverse view - CT scan of Brain Fig.2 multiple slices of CT scan of Brain CT scan is one of the most commonly used imag... ... middle of paper ... ...gery. A dye (contrast agent) may also be used to observe certain tissues, which then stand out on the scan. Functional MRI gives detailed pictures of brain activity [69, 75, 76, and 77]. It is used to determine precisely which part of the brain is handling critical functions such as thought, speech, vision, movement and sensation. It can also show the effects of stroke, trauma or Alzheimer's on brain function [70, 71, and 73]. Functional MRI and DTI have risk factors similar to MRI. Fig. 10 indicates DTI images of the brain. Fig.10 in Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), each color represents a different white matter pathway. Fig.11 a 3D reconstruction from fMRI and DTI images shows the vision and hand movement areas that lie close to the brain tumor (green area) Fig. 11 shows a 3D reconstruction from fMRI and DTI images. The 3D view gives a good view of the brain.
Other testing procedures that are commonly employed, in order to gain a better visual image of the excitatory activity in the brain are the PET scan and the MRI. According to Kalat (2004), these methods are non-invasive, meaning that they don’t require the insertion of objects into the brain, yet they yield results that allow researchers to record brain activity. The PET scan (positron emission tomography) involves the researcher injecting a radioactive chemical into the patient’s body, which is then absorbed mainly by the brain’s most active cells. With the use of radioactive detectors, placed around the patient’s head, a map is produced that shows which areas of the brain are most active.
The brain has four major lobes. The frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the occipital lobe, and temporal lobe are responsible for all of the activities of the body, from seeing, hearing, tasting, to touching, moving, and even memory. After many years of debating, scientist presents what they called the localization issue, Garret explains how Fritsch and Hitzig studied dog with conforming observations, but the cases of Phineas Gage’s accident in 1848 and Paul Broca’s autopsy of a man brain in 1861 really grabbed the attention of an enthusiastic scientific community (Garret 2015 p.6)
Functional MRI is a measurement technique based on ultrafast MR imaging sequences that are sensitive to the physiological changes of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV).These allow the researcher to measure changes in brain function typically via increases or decreases in blood oxygenation during the scanning(2).
Now with the dangerous jobs in the world and even the dangerous playgrounds, electronic imaging is needed. Electronic imaging, an outstanding technological advancement, helps views bones, organs, and cancerous cells within the body. X-ray or radiograph was the first type of electronic imaging introduced into the medical field. This played an important part in the medical field because it allowed doctors to see broken bones and inflammation inside of organs. Another important electronic imaging that was introduce was the MRI. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) aids physicians in seeing soft tissues in the body. With the help of MRIs doctors are able to see whether those tissues are normal or damaged. A little later on functional MRIs were created to see the soft tissues function. Functional MRIs are commonly u...
What would Wilhelm Roentgen, the father of X-ray, say about the technological discoveries in radiology today? Since the start of X-rays in 1895 significant advancements have revolutionized the field of radiology. One illustrates how different scanners have improved, in addition how picture archiving communication system can assist doctors, and finally the outlook on the future of radiology.
Radiographers provide essential services to millions of people. They deal with patients of all types and ages, from the very young to the elderly, as well as patients with special needs, such as visual or hearing impairments. Diagnostic radiographers produce high-quality images of organs limbs and other body parts to allow a wide range of diseases to be diagnosed. According to (The College of Radiographers -Registered Charity No 272505) May 2008. As a diagnostic radiographer, I am not confined to work in the x-ray department. I will x-ray patients in the accident and emergency department, on the wards, in the intensive care unit and in the operating theatre when patients are too ill to visit the x-ray department. Diagnostic radiographers work as part of a team and may work alone, outside normal working hours to provide x-ray services 24 hours a day. Wide ranges of imaging methods are used. These include ultrasound, MRI and CT scanning. Ranges of dyes or contrast agents are sometimes used to show soft tissue organs that would not appear on standard x-ray examinations e.g. arteries, the bowel and kidneys. (Medical Physics page 159-188)
...owell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., & Toga, A. W. (2004). Mapping changes in the human cortex
CTscans stands for “Computed Tomography”. It is a way of looking inside your body using a special camera. It is an advanced scanning x-ray and computer system that makes detailed pictures of horizontal cross-sections of the body, or the part of the body that is x-rayed. A CT scan is a diagnostic test that combines the use of x-ray with computer technology. A series of x-beams from many different angles are used to get these cross-sectional images of the patient’s body. In a computer, these pictures are assembled into a 3-dimentianal picture that can display organs, tissues, bones, and any such thing. It can even show ducts, blood vessels and tumors. One of the advantages of CT is that it clearly shows soft tissue structures (such as brain), as well as dense tissue structure (such as bone). The pictures of a Ctscanner are a lot more detailed than the pictures of a regular X-ray machine. It can make pictures of areas protected or surrounded by bones, which a regular X-ray machine can not. Because of this, a CT scanner is said to be 100 times as affective and clever as an ordinary X-ray, and can therefore diagnose some diseases a lot earlier and quicker. It is recent technology that has made it possible to accurately scan objects into a computer in three dimensions, even though the machines and ideas were developed in the 1970s. In the 70s doctors started to use this new type of machine that could give detailed pictures of organs that the older type of x-ray, machine could not give.
Since the brain is extremely fragile and difficult to access without risking further damage, imaging techniques are used frequently as a noninvasive method of visualizing the brain’s structure and activity. Today's technology provides many useful tools for studying the brain. But even with our highest technology out there we do not know everything definitely. We do have fallbacks at times and these fallbacks can lead to serious problems.
Radioisotopes have helped create advanced imaging techniques. Beforehand, X rays could only provide so much information such as broken bones, abnormal growths, and locating foreign objects in the body. Now it is possible to obtain much more information from medical imaging. Not only can this advanced imaging give imaging of tiny structures in the body, but it can also provide details such as cancerous cells and damaged heart tissue from a heart...
The image-intensifying tube is extremely intricate and allows for the conversion of the x-ray beam to be converted
New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. eMedicineHealth.com - eMedicineHealth.com - eMedicineHealth.com - eMedicineHealth.com - eMedicineHealth.com - eMedicineHealth.com - 2013. The. Anatomy of the Central Nervous System. Pictures and Information on eMedicineHealth.com.
Images of human anatomy have been around for more than 500 years now. From the sketches created by Leonardo da Vinci, to the modern day Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan, images have played a great role in medicine. Evolution in medical imaging brought together people from various disciplines such as Biology, Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, a collaboration which has further contributed to healthcare as a whole. Modern day imaging improves medical workflows by facilitating a non-invasive insight into human body, accurate and timely diagnostics, and persistence of an analysis.
Medical tools in the modern day are almost all made with small, programmed computers inside. “Medical imaging is a vast field that deals with the techniques to create images of the human body. Many of the modern methods of scanning and imaging are largely based on computer technology” ("Importance of Computers in Medicine."). We have been able to apply many of the advanced medical imaging techniques, over the years, thanks to developments in computer science. Magnetic quality imaging uses computer software. To obtain high-resolution images, doctors ...
Hillman, Bruce J. (1997, September 6). Medical imaging in the 21st century. The Lancet, vol. 350, p. 731.