Red Tailed Black Cockatoo
Abstract
Calyptorhynchus banksii, or red-tailed black-cockatoo, has coped with extreme variations in its environment. Much like the plant species of Australia, the red-tailed black-cockatoo has evolved physiological and anatomical adaptations that have allowed it to survive in changing surroundings. One of the most prevalent adaptations was that seen in the beak apparatus. Changes in the beak allowed the cockatoos to consume the newly evolved sources of food. The metabolic requirements of the cockatoos and the availability of food are also forces that have influenced the beak apparatus and the distribution of red-tailed black-cockatoos throughout Australia.
Introduction
Calyptorhynchus banksii, commonly known as the red-tailed black-cockatoo, is of the Family Cacatuidae (Cockatoos), which is a branch of the Order Psittaciformes. Red-tailed black-cockatoos are indigenous to Australia and can be found throughout the entire continent. Calyptorhynchus banksii is distinct in that there are five different subspecies: Calyptorhynchus banksii( C.b.) banksii, C.b. macrorohynchus, C.b. naso, C.b. graptogyne, and C.b. samueli (Del Hoyo et al., 1997). Differences in beak apparatus are one of the most prevalent variations observed within the subspecies. Throughout the paper an examination of evolutionary forces will explain the changes that have occurred in the beak apparatus of the red-tailed black-cockatoo.
Background
Male red-tailed black-cockatoos are black with areas of red on the underside of their tails except on the two central feathers. They have an upright, backward-sloping crest and dark grey bills and feet. Females are brownish black with areas of yellow on their head, shoulders, and the underside of their tales. Their bills are cream colored, and their feet are dark grey. The actual size of the cockatoo ranges from 50-65 cm and 570-870 g (Del Hoyo et al., 1997). Calls of the cockatoo are loud, harsh, and can be heard from a distance (Higgins, 1997).
Red-tailed black-cockatoos usually form a lifelong bond with their mating partner (Del Hoyo et al., 1997). They typically nest in large hollows of eucalyptus trees where they rear their young, generally one egg per clutch. Parental care is shared between the two mates; however, the female does most of the incubating and the male does most of the feeding (Higgins, 1997).
Subspecies Variations
Subspecies of red-tailed black-cockatoos differ in regards to their body size, beak structure and size, and the coloration of females. The variation in beaks is due to the presence or absence of a groove at the tip of the upper maxilla and the shape of the cutting edge on the lower mandible (Higgins, 1997).
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