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Native american religion after europeans
Native american religion after europeans
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I chose to focus my posting on the “Red Jacket Defends Native American Religion, 1805” by Red Jacket. The summary of the reading is about a person named Red Jacket because he would repeatedly wear red coats given to him by his British allies. Red Jacket sided with the British in the American Revolution. Red Jacket was part of an Indian tribe, the Senecas, and the tribe was a part of the Iroquois Confederacy. Also, Red Jacket was a strong supporter of his native religion. The religion Red Jacket and the Senecas believed in was the Great Spirit, and they would thank the Great Spirit for everything they had like the sun and the ability to hear words. They believed the Great Spirit gave the land to them (the Senecas). Also, they believed the Great …show more content…
Spirit made animals for food, animals to skin for clothing, and the Great Spirit caused corn to grow to make bread. Senecas claim that the Great Spirit did all of this for his red children. Meanwhile, white people came over to the land of the Senecas asking for pity, so they could practice their own religion on the Seneca’s land.
The Senecas welcomed the white people, fed them, and gave them more land and freedom. More white people came over to the Seneca’s country, and they wanted to take Seneca’s country from them and their land. Red Jacket did not want to partake in the white people’s religion, Christianity and the Bible, because it did not include the Great Spirit. Red Jacket admitted he would not follow the Bible unless the Great Spirit had given it to him. At the end of the reading, Red Jacket said his religion taught him how to give thanks, have kindness, and have the tribe united as one. Red Jacket said there is no reason for argument with religion because there is only the Great Spirit. Moreover, Red Jacket believed there was only one religion, the Great Spirit, and he believed there was no place for Christianity within the Seneca’s tribe. However, Red Jacket tried to understand that there were two religions made because of different customs, beliefs, and understandings about the world. This reading is about Red Jacket trying to protect the Great Spirit and his religion from the white people and
Christianity. He is trying to protect it because he does not want Christianity and the Bible to take over the native religion they have established for the Seneca tribe. In the reading, Red Jacket talks about how the Great Spirit did not give the Senecas a Bible. Since Red Jacket and the Senecas did not receive a Bible from the Great Spirit, they asked why should they have to read the Bible and take part in the white people’s religion (Christianity). They said this because they only follow the rules the Great Spirit gives them not another religion’s rules. A quote in the reading illustrates this point, “We understand that your religion is written in a book; if it was intended for us as well as you, why has not the Great Spirit given it to us, and not only to us, but why did he not give to our forefathers the knowledge of that book, with the means of understanding it rightly” (Drake)? From this quote, I grasp that Red Jacket is very faithful to his religion, but he is not that supportive of Christianity. The Encyclopedia of World Biography reveals that Red Jacket is in fact a strong supporter of his native religion, The Great Spirit. Also, the source says he did not like how the white people came over to their land and tried to introduce their religion to his people because he opposed Christianity. Thus, this information is true because it supports how Red Jacket did not want to introduce the Bible or Christianity into his native religion. I found another article to fact check Red Jacket’s comment, and the article supports the fact that Red Jacket does not believe in Christianity or the Bible. Therefore, Red Jacket rejects the teachings of Christianity and the Bible because it was not brought to his attention by his religion, The Great Spirit. Red Jacket only believed in the Great Spirit, and he would not read the Bible because the Great Spirit never physically gave the Bible to him. I also identified some hidden themes like religious freedom and unity. Religious freedom was a major concern back then. However, Red Jacket did not want the Indian tribes to adopt Christianity because the Great Spirit was their religion. On the other side, religious freedom was a big theme in this reading because that is why the white people came over to the Seneca’s land, so they could practice their own religion. One of the major reasons the white people left their country is because they wanted to practice and exercise their own religious rights. Another theme I found was unity because Red Jacket did not want new religions to incorporate their way into the life of the Senecas. Moreover, Red Jacket wanted all the Senecas to all have the same traditions, beliefs, and religion. The white people joined together with their Christian beliefs and traditions while the Senecas joined together with their beliefs and traditions on the opposite side with the Great Spirit. Groups united based on their common interests, beliefs, and religion. Religious freedom and unity were important parts of culture back then in history.
Pages one to sixty- nine in Indian From The Inside: Native American Philosophy and Cultural Renewal by Dennis McPherson and J. Douglas Rabb, provides the beginning of an in-depth analysis of Native American cultural philosophy. It also states the ways in which western perspective has played a role in our understanding of Native American culture and similarities between Western culture and Native American culture. The section of reading can be divided into three lenses. The first section focus is on the theoretical understanding of self in respect to the space around us. The second section provides a historical background into the relationship between Native Americans and British colonial power. The last section focus is on the affiliation of otherworldliness that exist between
In George E. Tinker’s book, American Indian Liberation: A Theology of Sovereignty, the atrocities endured by many of the first peoples, Native American tribes, come into full view. Tinker argues that the colonization of these groups had and continues to have lasting effects on their culture and thus their theology. There is a delicate balance to their culture and their spiritual selves within their tightly knit communities prior to contact from the first European explorers. In fact, their culture and spiritual aspects are so intertwined that it is conceptually impossible to separate the two, as so many Euro-American analysts attempted. Tinker points to the differences between the European and the Native American cultures and mind sets as ultimately
Not many know about Dragging Canoe and the battle he fought during the American Revolutionary War. The Native American’s role in the Revolutionary War was very important, but not well known. As a result, the Revolutionary War can come across as one-sided. Dragging Canoe fought for the Native American’s existence in the colonies. First, he was strongly opposed to Henderson’s Purchase or also called the Transylvania Purchase. Secondly, Dragging Canoe’s raid at “Battle of the Bluffs” became an issue for the colonists. And lastly, there was negotiating done between the British and Colonists would somehow effect Dragging Canoe, his warriors, and the future for the Native Americans.
By introducing how Christopher Columbus coining the term “Indian” influenced the initial perception of Native Americans. Although he paints them as intellectual, generous, and happy people, there is also account of them being cannibalistic, thieves, and intimidating. As a result of this depiction and many more, American Indians are never seen as good enough in comparison to Whites due to not being Christian and civilized. Along with this view, they were seen as “wilder” and “savage” Indians, which is to this assumption that Native Americans do not have guidance (13). Also considered heathens, this idea that converting them to Christianity came about through Alexander Whitaker’s pamphlet. Furthermore, separation of American Indians according to tribes was unheard of and resulted in grouping all the tribes into the same customs and beliefs. In effect, they were described as the opposite of Whites by lacking features necessary to being successful as a Caucasian
War is always destructive and devastating for those involved leaving behind a trail of death and barren landscape leading to heartbreak and shattered lives. War has its subjugators and its defeated. One enjoys complete freedom and rights while the other has neither freedom nor rights. Defeated and broken is where the Eastern Woodland Indians found themselves after both the Seven Years' war and the American Revolution. The Europeans in their campaigns to garner control of the land used the native peoples to gain control and ultimately stripped the rightful owners of their land and freedoms. The remainder of this short paper will explore the losses experienced by the Eastern Woodland Indians during these wars and will answer the question of which war was more momentous in the loss experienced.
Many colonist viewed the Native Americans as spawn of the devil. In Thomas Morton’s writing he said “if we do not judge amiss of these savages in accounting them witches,… some correspondence they have with the Devil out of all doubt.” (Foner 5) An example of historical content is the Metacom’s War by the year of 1675. The Indians in southern New England didn’t like the new settlers pushing on new religion and harsh treatment. Some of the Indians “converted to Christianity, living in protected ‘praying towns.’” (Jones, Wood, Borstelmann, May, and Ruiz 68) The Indians were ok with the conditions until “a white man shot and wounded a Native American.” (Jones, Wood, Borstelmann, May, and Ruiz 69) Colonist began to even distrust the Indians that were willing to convert to Christianity and moved their “praying towns” to “Deer Island in Boston Harbor” (Jones, Wood, Borstelmann, May, and Ruiz 69) This historical content shows that the colonist didn’t truly trust the Indians even when they were of the same religion, like Morton’s writing said “they have with the Devil out of all doubt” (Foner
The article, “Native Reactions to the invasion of America”, is written by a well-known historian, James Axtell to inform the readers about the tragedy that took place in the Native American history. All through the article, Axtell summarizes the life of the Native Americans after Columbus acquainted America to the world. Axtell launches his essay by pointing out how Christopher Columbus’s image changed in the eyes of the public over the past century. In 1892, Columbus’s work and admirations overshadowed the tears and sorrows of the Native Americans. However, in 1992, Columbus’s undeserved limelight shifted to the Native Americans when the society rediscovered the history’s unheard voices and became much more evident about the horrific tragedy of the Natives Indians.
... “ the majority of [Native Americans] turned to the invaders’ cultures and religious for empowerment, knowledge and skills with which to sustain native identities and values in other guises” , many of them stilled called themselves “true people” by keeping their native names (116-117).
Throughout ancient history, many indigenous tribes and cultures have shown a common trait of being hunter/gatherer societies, relying solely on what nature had to offer. The geographical location influenced all aspects of tribal life including, spirituality, healing philosophy and healing practices. Despite vast differences in the geographical location, reports show various similarities relating to the spirituality, healing philosophy and healing practices of indigenous tribal cultures.
In this way the religion practiced by the Native Americans was taken as contradictions to Christianity. The natives were informed that Christianity was designed to be an eternal rule of significance and a means from which they could use to return to God from their religions that had deviated (Eliot par. 3). Through sermons given by Whitfield, the minds of the natives were engaged in religion and making religion the subject of most of their discussions. They embraced all the opportunities to hear what was been taught on Christianity. The Christian revivals were attended by the young and old alike (Edwards par.
Whenever Ruth or James McBride face any forms of racism, especially for being related to each other, having different skin colors, they can always look to religion to aid them through these tough times. It appears so that in the book, religion knows no race, and therefore is very accepting to no matter who it may be. In this case, in Chapter 6, the author tells about his past experiences going to Church with his family, and recalling his mother’s true embrace of Christianity, her singing voice, the fact that she was the only white person there, and how odd and exaggerated Reverend Owen’s sermons were whenever going to Whosoever Baptist Church. One afternoon at Church, Ruth McBride was weeping after hearing her favorite songs, like “We’ve Come This Far by Faith” or “What a Friend We Have in Jesus”. James McBride asks her mother why she cries in Church, and her response is that God makes her happy. He thinks about this a bit more and assumes that maybe God likes black people better, hence having her mother cry at Church. He then asks whether God was black or white. She responds saying that he is not black or white, but a spirit, leading into the main metaphor of the story, saying, “God is the color of water. Water doesn’t have a color.” The metaphor displays how God has no color, no race to him, and would accept anyone, no matter their race. This representative of how Ruth and James McBride were accepted as Christians solely, therefore avoiding any difficulties having to do with race, at least when speaking about it with religion.
The “Utmost Good Faith” clause from the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 however, stated, “The utmost good faith shall always be observed toward the Indians; their land and property shall not be taken from them without their consent; and in their property, rights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or disturbed.” (Document 9). However, a letter from three Seneca Indian leaders to George Washington, President of the United States, argued, “When your army entered the country of Six (Iroquois) Nations, we called you the town destroyer; to this day, when your name is heard, our women look behind them and turn pale, and our children cling to the necks of their mothers…” (Document 10). This, in fact, proves the American Revolution was not revolutionary because the Indians were promised the “Utmost Good Faith” and that their land and property would never be invaded or disturbed, but their towns were left completely devastated and halted society from changing into a better
Boudinot draws parallels between Cherokee and Christian religion as part of his argument that Cherokees and white Americans are not as far removed from one another as the audience may have believed. He compares the Cherokee “Supreme Being” to the Christian God, and calls this Being “the God of the white, the red, and the black man.” His knowledge of these two religions comes from the aforementioned evangelical Christian conversion that Boudinot underwent at Cornwall, which lends itself as a bridge between the two cultures. He quotes the Bible frequently, and uses the translation of the New Testament into the new Cherokee writing system that he helped develop as evidence for the Cherokee’s willingness to participate in and cooperate with white society. According to Jonathan Filler, Boudinot’s conversion to Christianity and education by the missionaries led to his desire to find “spiritual salvation” for the Cherokees. The use of religion to persuade and reach common ground with his audience, given that the speech was delivered in a church, works well in Boudinot’s
The American version of history blames the Native people for their ‘savage ' nature, for their failure to adhere to the ‘civilized norms ' of property ownership and individual rights that Christian people hold, and for their ‘brutality ' in defending themselves against the onslaught of non-Indian settlers. The message to Native people is simple: "If only you had been more like us, things might have been different for you.”
I felt it was a good idea to ask my next question when I did because of the interest I got in Native Americans in a previous question. “Do you know anything about the religious beliefs of Native Americans?” For this question, I felt everyone had the same general idea about Native American beliefs. Many of them believed the Native Americans worshiped nature and had a deep respect for it. Lynne had said “I know they believed things had a spirit, everything is alive and that everything worships God. What I loved about them when I was younger was that if for example, if they were to hunt and kill something they would thank it for feeding them.” Very similarly Frank said, “They would thank nature, like if they had to kill an animal for food they would thank it for its services.” Marie had said “I think they believe in the sun and the seasons, I