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How religion affects political decisions
How religion has influenced public policy making
Individual interest and the common good
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Rational actions can become expedient to the actor itself while marginalizing the common good. The common good is those goods that improve the welfare of an entire community. The standard chosen can be faulty as it repudiates those goods beyond the community that was chosen. For these reasons, the community evaluated will be the people of the United States of America and the nations directly or indirectly affected by the implementation of an action or societal structure. Irrational thoughts can result in only irrational actions, which could assist or trivialize the community. Some have reasoned that religion cannot bring welfare to society while others have reasoned that government cannot fulfill the common good standard. Individuals, orchestrating both rational and irrational actions, can and do disagree on the characteristics of the governing body and/or faith that would bring the common good to all individuals; furthermore, people disagree on how the defining attributes of the common good appear from the implementation of these actions. They also disagree on the policies and laws that conduct the common good.
In order to engage in the process from thoughts to actual physical behavior, I consider first my necessities and well-being. A few of these things include
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When intuition, faith, and emotions run contrary to facts, science, and reason people typically act out of self-interest; furthermore, some will ignore facts and embrace irrational thoughts to justify poor actions. A moral basis from faith and intuition create a strong conscience which helps them guide their behaviors and reasoning. A strong conscience for each individual defines what is good and reasoning defines the commonality. Behaviors that implement the common good are mutually inclusive of both irrational and rational
... from previous experiences and bases future decisions on what they have experienced. When a person makes a decision that isn’t justified, they unknowingly change how they view future problems. If the decision has not been based in truth, it allows them a certain amount of unearned freedom to make wrong decisions, as opposed to when one make a proper decisions. It is crucial that every decision made is justified in order to keep their moral compass steady and to make the proper decisions when the choice is hard.
The call of conscience is continuous and it “summons” people to the challenge of assuming the ethical responsibility of affirming their freedom through resolute choice. For instance, people can structure and live their existence in a meaningful and moral way (Hyde, 2006, p. 39). Call of conscience is a driving force that pushes people to do what is morally right not only for them, but for others as well. Furthermore, call of conscience is a call of Being, “the call of Being demands courage from those who remain open to it and, in doing so, stand ready to acknowledge how their ways of thinking and acting may not be as authentic and respectful as they could possibly be” (Hyde, 2006, p. 51). A call of conscience persuades someone to do the right thing no matter what, even if a person helping someone else has the potential of having negative percussions for doing
Kody Scott, later known as Shanyika Shakur, was born in Los Angeles in 1963. Before last imprisonment he committed various crimes, such as, robbery, assault, and murder. Kody’s childhood was pretty rough. He grew up as the fifth of six children in a broken home. His mother, Birdy Scott, worked odd jobs and long hours to support her children. While his father, Ernest Scott, left the family in 1970 and was completely out of Kody’s life by 1975. Shortly after completing sixth grade at Horace Mann, Kody joined a subgroup of the infamous L.A. Crips on June 15th, 1975. Kody committed his first murder on the night of his initiation. This would be the start of Kody’s descent into becoming “Monster Kody”. It was two years after his initiation that Kody first donned the name Monster. Scott had beaten a robbery victim so bad that the police said it was “The work of a
What is the Common Good for All Americans? What was the common good for all Americans in 1776? Thomas Paine, a political activist during America’s struggle for independence from England, argues in Common Sense, a pamphlet published in the Pennsylvania Magazine, with the American colonists, demanding a revolt against the British crown (Thomas Paine). He passionately believes that the answer to the “.benefit of all people in [American] society” (Thomas Paine) will result from the freedom of oppression for the thirteen American colonies. Common Sense, “the most incendiary and popular pamphlet of the entire revolutionary era”, remains noted by historians as one of the most influential pieces of literature during the era of the American Revolution that opened the gates to the ratification of the Declaration of Independence that 56 delegates signed on July 4, 1776, granting America’s freedoms from England (Thomas Paine).
The question of what constitutes morality is often asked by philosophers. One might wonder why morality is so important, or why many of us trouble ourselves over determining which actions are moral actions. Mill has given an account of the driving force behind our questionings of morality. He calls this driving force “Conscience,” and from this “mass of feeling which must be broken through in order to do what violates our standard of right,” we have derived our concept of morality (Mill 496). Some people may practice moral thought more often than others, and some people may give no thought to morality at all. However, morality is nevertheless a possibility of human nature, and a very important one. We each have our standards of right and wrong, and through the reasoning of individuals, these standards have helped to govern and shape human interactions to what it is today. No other beings except “rational beings,” as Kant calls us, are able to support this higher capability of reason; therefore, it is important for us to consider cases in which this capability is threatened. Such a case is lying. At first, it seems that lying should not be morally permissible, but the moral theories of Kant and Mill have answered both yes and no on this issue. Furthermore, it is difficult to decide which moral theory provides a better approach to this issue. In this paper, we will first walk through the principles of each moral theory, and then we will consider an example that will explore the strengths and weaknesses of each theory.
Rational choice theorist says that social emotions such as guilt, shame, and anxiety are feelings or thoughts that prevent us from doing things and giving in to our temptations. These social cues helps us to place boundaries on what is right and what is wrong and what the outcome of negative delinquent behaviors may be. Not everyone has the same idea of what behavior is rational versus
In the book Predictably Irrational, Dan Ariely brings forth the idea that all human behavior is done according to certain patterns; however these patterns are not always the patterns you would think of right off the bat. He leads the reader in a compelling journey into the realm of the human mind, and how humans view the world. For every turn of the page there is something new and surprising. However even with this constant change the book follows the same pattern, proving all thought is irrational. Dan’s use of imagery and descriptions along with many studies of how the human mind reacts to certain situations provide a stimulating read for all, regardless of the reader’s beliefs.
Stocker highlights the constraints that motives impose on both ethical theory and the ethical life in order to show that only when justifications and motives are in harmony can people lead the good life. Stocker believes that mainstream ethical theories, like consequentialism and deontology, make it impossible for people to reconcile their reasons and motives because these theories demand that people perform acts for the sake of duty or for the good, as opposed to because they care about the people who are affected by their actions.
In Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant argues that human beings inherently have capability to make purely rational decisions that are not based on inclinations and such rational decisions prevent people from interfering with freedom of another. Kant’s view of inherent ability to reason brings different perspective to ways which human beings can pursue morality thus it requires a close analytical examination.
It is my belief and personal opinion, that even when making choices irrationally, our actions can, to some degree, be rationalized.
The proper relationship between the individual's interests and the common good is a delicate balancing act that political philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Sophocles have tried to define. For philosophers such as Socrates and Plato, the common good trumps the individual interest when those interests interfere with what they believe is right for society as a whole. For others like Aristotle and Locke, a consensus on what the common good is must be defined within the reality that individual interests exists; meaning, they cannot be completely discarded for the good of society. I believe that in a free society, where the common good to doesn't have to be forced upon its citizens, the common good should impose upon the individual's interest only as much as citizens will allow without feeling such impositions are unreasonable restrictions on their lives.
Haidt, J. (2001). The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment. American Psychological Association, 814-834.
In this paper I will defend David Hume’s Moral Sense Theory, which states that like sight and hearing, morals are a perceptive sense derived from our emotional responses. Since morals are derived from our emotional responses rather than reason, morals are not objective. Moreover, the emotional basis of morality is empirically proven in recent studies in psychology, areas in the brain associated with emotion are the most active while making a moral judgment. My argument will be in two parts, first that morals are response-dependent, meaning that while reason is still a contributing factor to our moral judgments, they are produced primarily by our emotional responses, and finally that each individual has a moral sense.
I have always been interested in the way people behave. I cannot help myself in trying to analyze why people do react the way they do in certain situations. Our emotions can make us do things or control the way we think without us noticing it. Some might think their intelligence make them immune to irrational thoughts, their emotions or their situations can override their intelligence, but my experience and observations it tell me otherwise. No one is immune from thinking irrationally. In theory, we all have the compasity to think rationally, but situations and emotions can lead us to do thing that people would consider irrational. I want to discuss the difference between the two and shed some light on how people can learn to think rationally
In contrast, humanistic conscience "is the voice in every human being and (is) independent from external sanctions and rewards." The concept of humanistic conscience assumes all men have a grasp of morality. The distinction between authoritarian and humanistic consciences is based on motivation. If a person obeys a conscience out of fear of hell, or the reward of heaven, they are obeying an authoritarian conscience. However, if a person acts, or does not act, because they know in their heart the action (or inaction) is moral, they are following a humanistic conscience. (2-3)