The first concept is Immigration Enforcement As a Form of Racial Governance which is referenced from Governing Immigration Through Crime by Julie A. Dowling and Jonathan Xavier Inda from the introduction. This concept states,
crucially the heavy policing of migrant illegality has had a profound and highly negative impact on immigrants and their communities, with Latino bearing the major brunt. In many ways, immigration enforcement functions as a form of racial governance, that is, as a mechanism for managing the conduct of somatically different, and putatively “unruly,” populations. (Provine and Doty, 2011. as cited in Dowling and Inda [Governing Immigration Through Crime], 2013, p. 18). We can illustrate the impact of immigration enforcement as a form of racial governance using as examples the blockading of the U.S.-Mexican border, workplace raids, and local police involvement in immigration matters. (Dowling and Inda, 2013, p. 18).
Important to realize, throughout the story of The Devil’s Highway, racial governance was portrayed, especially with the blockading of the U.S.-Mexican border. The events from chapter three, chapter four and
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The Mexican government offered survival kits which included water and snacks to the walkers, however, the United States did not allow this under any circumstances because it would be considered encouraging the walkers to illegally enter the United States. The United States feared illegals coming into their country, not only to take Americans’ jobs, but they found out the Mexican government put condoms in the survival kits as well, which the United States feared the immigrants would reproduce (Urrea, 2004, p. 56). In this situation, the United States not only illustrated their blockade of the border, but their fear of the reproduction between the “illegals” and the daughters of
Bucerius, Sandra and Tonry, Michael. The Oxford Handbook of Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. Print.
A leading American historian on race, policing, immigration, and incarceration in the United States, Kelly Lytle Hernandez’s Migra! A History of the U.S. Border Patrol tells the story of how Mexican immigrant workers emerged as the primary target of the United States Border Patrol and how, in the process, the United States Border Patrol shaped the history of race in the United States. Migra! also explores social history, including the dynamics of Anglo-American nativism, the power of national security, and labor-control interests of capitalistic development in the American southwest. In short, Migra! explains
Many of the people trying to cross the border were not given same luck. Their efforts to leave the situations they are in only cause them a different kind of pain. The lack of safety for these people was astonishing. As Jessie was, I was impressed by Anazulda’s description of living there and the realistic depiction of how it was to live there. As Natalie put, I also loved the realistic writing that Anazulda brought to this piece. She did not try to ease the tone or make it lighter than the reality of the situations. She brought the realness of what happened there to life in her writing, which I greatly admire. The imagery that Brooke points out from Borderlands from page 2 is such a clear image of being trapped within a place you cannot escape from. While I had not thought of the curtains in such a way, I understand the reasoning behind it. Curtains are supposed to provide privacy, shelter from the outside world. Yet, these steel curtains are prisons, keeping those near them from getting away. As Jessie pointed out, the United States is governed to protect the rights of each American citizen, including each of us. Nevertheless, Anazulda and many others who try to cross the border can be subjected to the rules of those who live near the borders and not the laws of the United States that are in place to protect them. I did not think about the call for unity as Natalie described until I read her essay. While she does not make light of the situations caused in the United States, she does leave this impression of hope that we can fix this. We can make it so these borders are less of walls that divide us, and we can make the journey in our country a less terrible and horrifying
He provides us a with a depth overview of a three-year study of 40 minority youths, 30 of whom were previously arrested. The study was done in Oakland, California. Rios give us a clear overview inner city young Latino and African American. Rios emphasize on the difficult lives of these young men, who are faced with policies in their schools, communities, and policing. Importantly, he gives us a clear understanding
To be called a walker you need to come from a place where you work all day but don’t make enough ends meat. Urrea explains the small towns and villages where all the poor Mexican citizens yearn for bigger dreams and a better lifestyle. He talks about the individual subjects and circumstances that bring the walkers to decide to cross the border and risk death. Urrea tells the stories of the fourteen victims and giving brief sketches of each individual lives in Mexico. The men were mostly workers on coffee plantations or farmers. They were all leaving their families who consisted of new brides, a wife and several children or a girlfriend they hoped to marry someday. They all had mainly the same aims about going to the U.S, like raising enough money to buy furniture or to build a house, or, in one case, to put a new roof on a mother's house. All of these men really craved a better life and saw the chance for that in the U.S. Being that these men are so hung...
The article by Rob Guerette is a case study involving the widely-reported increase of immigration into the United States. It tackles migration issues as well as related issues such as border security , security initiatives by individuals.. The article also provides in-depth research about the impact of illegal immigration into the United States including migrant deaths, deaths of non-migrants at the border, border security and the challenges faced by United States border patrol officers. The main purpose of the article was to provide an explanation as to whether the Border Patrol has any effect in saving the lives of people attempting to enter into the United States (Guerette, 2007).
Haney Lopez argues that race has become a social establishment; instead of legal institutions trying to make sense of racial oppression they are constructing the social systems. Haney Lopez
Martinez, Oscar. Border People: Life and Society in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands. (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1994), 232.
What would it be like to wake up everyday knowing you would get bullied, mistreated, and/or abused just because of where you were born? Discrimination still exists! “Discrimination remains and there is an increase in hate crimes against Hispanics, Latinos and Mexican-Americans, as one of the perceived symbols of that discrimination, the U.S.-Mexico Border Fence, nears completion. Instead of pulling together in these difficult times, we may see a greater polarization of attitudes” (Gibson). But why are hate crimes increasing towards Latin and Hispanic aliens and what types of discrimination are occurring against them? Understanding violence towards the Hispanic and Latin alien is divided into three main classes; the difference between legal and illegal aliens, the attacks and effects, and the point of view of different people towards aliens.
The NYPD is promoting institutional racism through carrying out Stop and Frisk. Institutional Racism is policies, and procedures of institutions that have a disproportionately negative effect on racial minorities’ access to and quality of goods, services, a...
As long as civilizations have been around, there has always been a group of oppressed people; today the crucial problem facing America happens to be the discrimination and oppression of Mexican immigrants. “Mexican Americans constitute the oldest Hispanic-origin population in the United States.”(57 Falcon) Today the population of Mexican’s in the United States is said to be about 10.9%, that’s about 34 million people according to the US Census Bureau in 2012. With this many people in the United States being of Mexican descent or origin, one would think that discrimination wouldn’t be a problem, however though the issue of Mexican immigrant oppression and discrimination has never been a more prevalent problem in the United States before now. As the need for resolve grows stronger with each movement and march, the examination of why these people are being discriminated against and oppressed becomes more crucial and important. Oppression and Anti-discrimination organizations such as the Freedom Socialist Organization believe that the problem of discrimination began when America conquered Mexican l...
The book "Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys" is written by Victor M. Rios who was a former gang member in his hometown and later turned his life around. He went to Berkeley and earn a doctorate in sociology. This book explores how youth of color are profiled, disciplined, and criminalized by authorities even they have not committed any crimes and how it can cause a harmful consequence for the young man and their community in Oakland, California. They are mostly from working class and not involved in the crime, but their everyday behaviors are systematically treated as potential criminal action and they are made to feel outcast, shamed, and lack of trust before some of them enter the criminal justice system. The goal is to
In the United States, the central tenant of immigration policy reform is the meanly focused on the control over border security and protection from allowing illegal persons for crossing and residing in those states bordering
Social Science Research, 38, 717-731. http://journals2.scholarsportal.info.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/tmp/9506051508484483171.pdf. Nielsen, A. L., & Martinez, R. (2011). Nationality, immigrant groups, and arrests. Examining the diversity of arrests for urban violent crime.
Ha’s study, “The Consequences of Multiracial Contexts on Public Attitudes towards Immigration” examines how racial contexts relate to Americans opinion towards immigrations. He had tested his hypothesis using two national surveys, The 2005 Citizenship, Involvement, and Democracy Study, which have been done by the Center for democracy and Civil Society at Georgetown University. It was a clustered sample, and face to face interviews. The sample was significantly large and representative (26230 clustered sample, and 1001 interviews). His findings says that to figure out why people perceive illegal immigrants negatively and discriminated, Ha found it important to examine how race contexts relate. “The relationship between multiracial context and public opinion on immigration [as it relates to immigrants] may be at the core of many challenges facing ethnically diverse American society” (Ha: 2010). Ha address the two theories: threat and contact for explanting for specific attitudes toward immigrants. The threat theory suggests “persistent segregation of immigrant and its concomitant linguistic and social isolation may stimulate antagonistic sentiments among native-born people and intensify interethnic tensions” (30). However, contact theory hypothesizes “racially and ethnically mixed neighborhoods as a result of a consistent flow of immigration can lead to harmonious race relations by promoting interaction and cooperation among different racial groups” (pp 30). So, the