Quantum Cryptography INF-521 9029945552 Quantum Cryptography is the newest technology in the field of Encryption and proved to be most secure as of now. In this paper we will discuss what quantum cryptography is and what makes it most secure and unbreakable. Introduction All our classical computer cryptography methods are basically based on some mathematical calculations which are quiet easy to implement in one direction but very difficult to process in the other direction. As RSA(Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) algorithm which is one of the first practicable and most famous public-key cryptosystems, RSA, is based on the technique of factoring large numbers which makes it secure. Difficulty in factoring increases with number of digits in RSA key. For example, a 128 digit number would take millions of years to factor with current computers. There are still limitations in classical cryptography, it is purely mathematical and information cannot be separated from its physical representation. In Classical physics, we use binary form to store and process the data. In the 1980s, C.Bennet, P.Benioff, R.Feynman and others observed that new and very powerful ways of information processing are possible with quantum mechanical systems. This gave birth to the concept of quantum computing. We have algorithms such as Shor’s Algorithm, a quantum computer can break a very large number into its prime factors otherwise which could take millions of years to be solved. The day when quantum cryptography will become a reality, above mentioned RSA will become insecure. Fortunately, we have some unbreakable code available. According to Shannon’s rules, if the data we are going to encrypt is much lesser than the key in length and the same key we ... ... middle of paper ... ...owing notations: '+' represents rectilinear scheme 'X' represents diagonal scheme '-' represents 0 (Horizontal polarization quantum state) '/' represents 0 (45 degrees to horizontal polarization state) '|' represents 1 (Vertical polarization quantum state) '' represents 1 (45 degrees to vertical polarization state) So, using the above qubit representations, a BB84 transmission for the binary 11010011 could look like this: Alice : Bits 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 Alice : Qubit ↕ ↕ ↔ ↕ ∕ ∕ ↕ Bob : Scheme + X X + + X X + Bob : Qubit ↕ ↕ ↔ ∕ ↕ Bob : Bits 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 Key Selection √ √ √ √ √ Table 1 – Qubit transmission & binary digit selection Alice sends the 1st 1 using the + scheme, the 2nd one using the X scheme, 1st 0 using the X scheme and so on. BB84 Quantum Key Distribution Protocol Practical problems with Quantum Cryptography Conclusion
Today’s encryption methods employ the factoring of extremely large numbers. Nevertheless, several quantum algorithms already exist that can factor large numbers almost instantaneously. Although quantum computing is still in its infancy, numerous national defense experts have argued that innovative systems of encryption will become increasingly critical as quantum computing progresses. In an effort to augment the future of national security, I aspire to develop groundbreaking encryption techniques that will defend against many impending
The novel, Alice and Quantum Land, by Robert Gilmore is an adventure in the Quantum universe. Alice, a normal teenage girl, goes through quantum land and understands what quantum is and how it works. The quantum world is a difficult one to understand, as its nature is one of complex states of being, natures, principles, notions, and the like. When these principles or concepts are compared with the macro world, one can find great similarities and even greater dissimilarities between the world wherein electrons rule, and the world wherein human beings live. In Alice in Quantumland, author Robert Gilmore converts the original tale of Alice in Wonderland from a world of anthropomorphic creatures into the minute world of quantum mechanics, and attempts to ease the reader into this confusing world through a series of analogies (which comprise an allegory) about the principles of quantum mechanics. Through Alice’s adventure she comes across some ideas or features that contradict real world ideas. These ideas are the following: Electrons have no distinguishing spin, the Pauli Exclusion Principle, Superposition, Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, and Interference and Wave Particle Duality.
..., Nicholas G. 2010. “Past, Present, and Future Methods of Cryptography and Data Encryption.” Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
This Essay is meant to shed light on a complex subject, quantum entanglement. Now, quantum entanglement is a part of much more complex subjects, such as classical mechanics, quantum theory, and quantum mechanics; these subjects will not be covered. The idea of quantum entanglement will be explained: What it is and when does it happen. After a little understanding of Entanglement, a discussion will follow on what it means for us from a technological standpoint and what can we accomplish in the near future. Pushing that idea further into the future looking at bigger possibilities in transportation, and what potential liabilities and moral dilemmas could ensue. It is my belief that quantum entanglement could accomplish many great things, but could
Quantum Mechanics developed over many decades beginning as a set of controversial mathematical explanations of experiments that the math of classical mechanics could not explain. It began in the turn of the 20th century, a separate mathematical revolution in physics that describes the motion of things at high speeds. The origins of Quantum Mechanics cannot be credited to any one scientists. Multiple scientists contributed to a foundation of three revolutionary principles that gradually gained acceptance and experiment verification from 1900-1930 (Coolman). Quantum Mechanics is
RSA encryption is the foundation of public key cryptography security products. For example, credit card companies use the RSA algorithm for customers’ individual online WebPages. The credit card companies publish a big number on WebPages, which is made by big prime numbers using the RSA algorithm. Since neither computers nor people can factor such big numbers, the RSA encryption system has secured many customers’ information.
In the worst case, an entire database of private data could be accessible to the attacker and whomever he or she chooses to share it with. To prevent the recovery of this key by repeated guessing of each possibility, called a “brute force” attack by cryptographers because there is no intelligent method behind it, the key is made relatively long. Even with the rapid throughput of computer processing, a standard computer could take many thousands of years to try all of the potential 128-bit long keys. In response to the increasing resistance of encryption designs to these brute force attacks, security researchers have identified more complex methods of attack on encryption which use the analysis of physical characteristics to obtain the encryption key (Liu, Chang, & Lee, 2012). These methods are known collectively as side channel
Stemming from the first years of the 20th century, quantum mechanics has had a monumental influence on modern science. First explored by Max Planck in the 1900s, Einstein modified and applied much of the research in this field. This begs the question, “how did Einstein contribute to the development and research of quantum mechanics?” Before studying how Einstein’s research contributed to the development of quantum mechanics, it is important to examine the origins of the science itself. Einstein took much of Planck’s experimental “quantum theory” research and applied it in usable ways to existing science. He also greatly contributed to the establishment of the base for quantum mechanics research today. Along with establishing base research in the field, Einstein’s discoveries have been modified and updated to apply to our more advanced understanding of this science today. Einstein greatly contributed to the foundation of quantum mechanics through his research, and his theories and discoveries remain relevant to science even today.
In the final analysis, quantum specimens both conceptual, entity, and particles are what sustain human life. Without some time of mystery and amusement humans would never seek to make innovations. Without innovations society would begin to stagnate into a pig sty of rituals. If one society were to collapse, then others would soon follow. This collapse of society is the true Armageddon, the failure of all supernatural quanta to act with normal quanta. Hence the important of quantum physics, it is necessary for life, society, and humanity.
Computer science is a vast field that includes nearly everything relating to computers. Everyday there is information transmitted all over the Internet. Pictures are uploaded, transactions are made on thousands of online retail websites, and banking transactions take place everyday on the Internet. All of these transactions have created a need for secure communications. People wish to keep things like banking, medical, and political information from the eyes of unwelcome parties. This has created a need for cryptography. Cryptography is the science or study of the techniques of secret writing, especially code and cipher systems, and is used by everyone from the average citizen to the government and military.
This presentation was about the ongoing state of LGBT+ rights in Australia. This country is considered first world; however, the gay population suffer a lot of discrimination. Usually, most traditional families do not recognize their gay sons, and this is one of the reasons why they hide their sexuality. In addition, this minority is not allowed either to have a legal marriage or adopt a child. Consequently, the LGBT+ people do not receive benefits from the government and they have a high rate of suicide and depression.
The internet allows people to communicate sensitive information, and if received in the wrong hands can cause many problems for that person. Cryptography is the study or science of techniques of secret writing and message hiding. Cryptography constitutes any method in which someone attempts to hide a message, or the meaning, in some medium. One specific element of cryptography is encryption, which hides the data or information by transforming it into undecipherable code. Encryption uses a specified key to perform the data transformation.
The date is April 14, 2035 a young woman is woken up by the silent alarm in her head. She gets up and steps into her shower where the tiles sense her presence and calculate the water to the precise temperature that she likes. The news flashes in her eyes announcing that today is the tenth anniversary of the day quantum computing was invented. She gets dressed and puts on her favorite hat with a smartband embedded in the rim, allowing her access to anything she needs just by thinking it. Her car is waiting with her trip preprogrammed into it. She arrives at the automated airport to see her associate waiting for her. By the look in his eyes she can tell he is doing a quick online search in his mind. Technology is constantly growing and soon this future will be a reality.
In this era when the Internet provides essential communication between tens of millions of people and is being increasingly used as a tool for security becomes a tremendously important issue to deal with, So it is important to deal with it. There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. One essential aspect for secure communications is that of cryptography. But it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications, it is not by itself sufficient. Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and is an ancient art; In the old age people use to send encoded message which can be understand by the receiver only who know the symbolic and relative meaning of that encoded message .The first documented use of cryptography in writing dates back to circa 1900 B.C. Egyptian scribe used non-standard hieroglyphs in an inscription. After writing was invented cryptography appeared spontaneously with applications ranging from diplomatic missives to war-time battle plans. It is no surprise, then, that new forms of cryptography came soon after the widespread development of computer communications. In telecommunications and data cryptography is necessary when communicating in any untrusted medium, which includes any network, particularly the Internet [1].Within the context of any application-to-application communication, there are some security requirements, including:
The history of the computer dates back all the way to the prehistoric times. The first step towards the development of the computer, the abacus, was developed in Babylonia in 500 B.C. and functioned as a simple counting tool. It was not until thousands of years later that the first calculator was produced. In 1623, the first mechanical calculator was invented by Wilhelm Schikard, the “Calculating Clock,” as it was often referred to as, “performed it’s operations by wheels, which worked similar to a car’s odometer” (Evolution, 1). Still, there had not yet been anything invented that could even be characterized as a computer. Finally, in 1625 the slide rule was created becoming “the first analog computer of the modern ages” (Evolution, 1). One of the biggest breakthroughs came from by Blaise Pascal in 1642, who invented a mechanical calculator whose main function was adding and subtracting numbers. Years later, Gottfried Leibnez improved Pascal’s model by allowing it to also perform such operations as multiplying, dividing, taking the square root.