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Essay on the theory of natural selection
Pros and cons about evolution
Essay on the theory of natural selection
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Darwin attributes the change of bodily structures of man from its early progenitors to the natural law of Natural Selection that affects the structures either directly or indirectly. One example Darwin gives, is how the human hand was altered and shaped by Natural Selection. He states that the Quadrumana have homologous structures to the human hand; however, the Quadrumana doesn’t use it for locomotion, but instead for climbing trees. Although, different species of monkeys are able to use their hands to retrieve food and grasp objects such as stones and bottles etc., when doing a simple task such as throwing a stone, the stone is grasped clumsily; hence, they are not able to throw it with precision. Darwin goes to argue that the monkey hasn’t …show more content…
To gain this great advantage also the feet of the species would need to be rendered flat, as well as the great toe being modified greatly for the advantage of standing straight. Darwin goes on to state in order to add more validity to natural selection that an intermediate form can still be seen in the savages that still have retain some of their prehensile powers which they use to their advantage to climb trees. Moreover, as the hands and feet began to get adapted to man’s new way of life, it would give them various advantages. For instance, being able to defend themselves with stones and be able to attack their prey with them. As this new structure starts to being developed, those who inherit this structure will go on to live and those that don’t will eventually die off. Additionally, as the man became more erect it developed its spinal cord for support as well as other structures. As man, started to develop its mental faculties and started to perfect the way to hunt, it would lead the teeth to be reduced in size and the canine teeth to slowly disappeared Darwin goes on to state that man has lost its hair not because it is advantageous to them in their environment but because of sexual selection. Finally, another structure that Darwin mentions is the tail that becomes vestigial in humans due to simply friction when man sit
: Primates didn’t just appear among Earth, but they evolved. The coevolution has to do with flowers and fruits. Fruits were evolving to get tastier for primates to eat and as primates ate them they spread them around as well. As they ate these new evolved fruits and flowers this invited changes onto their bodies as
In the book, Your Inner Fish, by Neil Shubin he presents the notion of evolution and how we can trace parts that make up the human body back to jellyfish, worms, and even fish. The book not only discusses how we arose to be what we are today, but also the implications our ancestors had on our current body plan. In this essay, I will demonstrate that I have digested the entirety of Shubin’s book by convincing you (dear reader) that everything in our bodies is based on simple changes to already existing systems. To make this case, I will use the evidence of limb development in a vast array of organisms, the four arches found in the embryological stage of development, the structures inside our noses, and how our ears have come about all due to modifications.
The evolution of man is constantly in question. While we are reasonably sure that modern humans and primates are both related to the same common ancestor, there is constant debate over what initially caused the two species to split into early hominids and apes. According to some, our longest and most popular theory on the division of man and ape is profoundly wrong. However, those same individuals usually offer an equally controversial theory as a substitute, one that is almost impossible to scientifically test or prove. Both the Savanna Theory and the Aquatic Ape Theory offer solutions to how and why humans evolved into bipedal toolmakers. But with enough questioning, each loses its accountability to rhetorical science.
The argument of whether or not humans evolved from monkeys is constantly tossed around in our society with the emergence of more and more scientific discoveries. Evolution across such a broad spectrum is known as macroevolution, or changes that happen at or above the species level. Both popular and academic discourses debate the religious and moral issues associated with macroevolution and its propositions. The main person behind the idea of evolution was Charles Darwin who theorized that everything comes from a common ancestor. In the magazine article “Was Darwin Wrong?” featured in a 2004 issue of National Geographic, David Quammen discusses whether or not Darwin’s findings in evolution theory were correct. This article was targeted for
Australopithecus afarensis existed between 3.9 and 3.0 million years ago. The distinctive characteristics of A. afarensis were: a low forehead, a bony ridge over the eyes, a flat nose, no chin, more humanlike teeth, pelvis and leg bones resembled those of modern man. Females were smaller than males. Their sexual dimorphism was males:females; 1.5. A. afarensis was not as sexually dimorphic as gorillas, but more sexually dimorphic than humans or chimpanzees. A lot of scientists think that Australopithecus afarensis was partially adapted to climbing the trees, because the fingers and toe bones of the species were curved and longer than the ones of the modern human.
Hopkins, W. D., et al. "Handedness For Tool Use In Captive Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes): Sex Differences, Performance, Heritability And Comparison To The Wild." Behaviour 146.11 (2009): 1463. Publisher Provided Full Text Searching File. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.
The evolution of the human species has significantly changed during the course of evolution to what is now the modern day Homo sapiens. Some of the changes that have occurred through the evolution are bipedalism, changes in body features such as brow ridges, and an increase in brain capacity.
Charles Darwin has five parts to his theory of natural selection, firstly the “Geometric increase” which claims that “all living things reproduce in great numbers”, meaning that species may survive but not all will survive because, the resources used for survival for instance ,food will not be enough for all living things. “The struggle for existence” because there is a limited number of resources and can only sustain some and not all, not all living things will survive, however the question lies in which living being will survive?. “Variation” is the third part of natural selection which claims that within those living things there are variations within them that will determine whic...
To check the minimum number of changes required to make a claw into a nail or toilet claw the results from histological studies were compared to the phylogenetic tree of primates.
According to John Mears, the most prominent features of the human species present themselves from the neck upwards. “Delicately configured, vertical faces with high foreheads, small brow ridges and teeth, reduced jaws, and prominent chins” (Mears) along with specialized vocal tracts that provide for the production of speech account define major characteristics that set humans apart from other apes visually. Apart from that humans are structurally similar to modern great apes. An obvious example would be opposable thumbs used for grasping and holding objects; A characteristic shared among many primates. Bipedalism is another major defining characteristic of modern humans however the ability to walk on two limbs is not limited to just humans. The great apes possess bipedal abilities but not on a permanent basis; rather they tend to alternate between bipedal and quadrupedal methods of movement whenever necessary. The differences between modern humans and the great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, etc.) fall along more qualitative measure. For example, humans are not well known for their physical methods of attack. When faced with a predator or adversary, humans would not likely resort to biting or using teeth for attack because “their teeth, for instance are puny besides those of chimpanzees” (Ruse). Humans also very clearly present significantly less amounts of hair than the great apes do. One major quantitative difference however is in the genetics. On a chromosomal level the great apes exhibit 24 pairs while humans exhibit only 23 pairs. This difference however, could only really account for less than 5% of the difference in the genomes of humans and the great apes. According to Marion Dresner humans also share about 98.5% of DNA with that of Chimpanzees; although more current studies have shown the number to likely be closer to
With the studies that Charles Darwin obtained he published his first work, “The Origin of Species.” In this book he explained how for millions of years animals, and plants have evolved to better help their existence. Darwin reasoned that these living things had gradually changed over time to help themselves. The changes that he found seemed to have been during the process of reproduction. The traits which would help them survive became a dominant trait, while the weaker traits became recessive. A good example of what Darwin was trying to explain is shown in giraffes. Long-necked giraffes could reach the food on the trees, while the short-necked giraffes couldn’t. Since long necks helped the giraffes eat, short-necked giraffes died off from hunger. Because of this long-necks became a dominant trait in giraffes. This is what Charles Darwin would later call natural selection.
Human evolution began in Africa six million years ago, it describes the process of our ancestors went through to ultimately become the modern humans we are today. Major changes in the evolution of humans have eventuated into the appearance and development of modern Homo sapiens. These major changes have included skull shape, brain size and muzzle size. This research essay will outline and evaluate these changes to describe and explain how modern humans have evolved. Natural selection plays a major role with the development of humans over time. Natural selection is Darwin’s most famous theory; it states that evolutionary change comes through the production of variation in each generation and differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable characters (Natural Selection, 2009).
The entirety of “Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction” by Eugenie C. Scott masterfully covers the ongoing controversy surrounding religion and the theory of evolution. It is written in such a way to where any person, no matter how familiar they are with the subject matter, can understand the content offered. Evolution has always been a sensitive topic in the realm of education but has only been made worse due to the involvement of individuals who lack a background in science and misinterpret the vocabulary surrounding it. The novel would have been a good read prior to taking the exam for the sole fact that it would have given me a better understanding of evolution as a whole, as well as have some insight into the history.
However, Darwin’s theory confronted many of the issues in Lamarck’s laws. Both Lamarck and Darwin fully understood the importance of variation, and it is their understandings of variation that fundamentally separate these two evolutionary theorists. However, Darwin actually had relatively little to say about the sources of variation and this was a continuing source of frustration for him. Lacking a model of variation, his focus was mainly on mechanisms of selection, which influence the traits found within a population (Gilady, Hoffmann., 2013). Darwin’s natural selection suggests that biological information is transmitted to next generations merely through DNA sequence, and leaves no room for heritable phenotypic variation acquired during an organism’s lifetime, which contrasts with Lamarck’s visions of evolutionary change (THORÉ.,2015). Lamarck’s example of the giraffe’s neck can easily be used to prove Darwin’s theory correct. While Lamarck’s model is incorrect, the question of how giraffes developed such long necks remained as an important question within the topic of evolution; however it can be explained using the study of DNA and Darwin’s theory of evolution. In this theory, giraffes with longer necks are able to eat more leaves, making them healthier and more liable to produce an offspring. The genes, or DNA, that encodes this long neck are inherited by their offspring, causing their offsprings to also have longer necks. Over years, the number of offsprings with the ‘long neck’ genes outnumbers the offspring with the ‘normal neck’ genes. Eventually, the ‘normal neck’ genes are wiped out because they are unable to reach taller trees and get adequate nutrition, making it difficult for them to survive and
One of the greatest proceedings of man according to the theory of evolution is the rapacious hand with the opposing thumb. Many apes also have a foot like the koala that has a big toe. Not to be outclassed the koala doesn’t just have a great big toe but two opposable fingers on each