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The status of women in medieval England
Sociological theory of prostitution
The status of women in medieval England
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conjunction with their husbands. Land ownership provided some revenue and agency, but it must be placed within the context of gender norms and patriarchy.
Labor, especially in the urban centers, required an extensive labor market that created certain professions for women. With the rise of wealth from 1340-1338 in Paris and the increase in population to 210,000 peoples, there was a need for large amounts of labor. The vast majority of migrants into urban centers worked as servants and in low-skilled jobs. This type of profession for women was low-skilled and low-paid, which perpetuated the notions of gender inequality in the workforce. Many single women, especially those who migrated to urban centers, were at a disadvantage in terms of employment. As apprentices, many women left their homes and became part of their Master’s homes. This did not indicate that women or men for that
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Karras argued that prostitution cannot be analyzed in the modern definition, and in Medieval Europe “it was not the exchange of money, nor even multiple partners but the public and indiscriminate availability of a woman’s body that was the defining feature of prostitution.” Society sought to restrict prostitution, but during the Roman Empire Severus Alexander continued to collect taxes on this trade. Universities often hiring older women to do laundry to restrict access to prostitution, yet the lecture halls, such as Street of Straw, students were able to engage with prostitutes. By 1300, prostitution in England came to be circumscribed to certain urban areas. The urban center of London sought to expel women from the city, and in Paris Perrenelle, a laundress, was expelled from the property of the abbey of Ste.-Geneviève for “pandering and being a prostitute.” Prostitution was part of society, yet there was considerable tension between the regulation of sexuality and the demand for
During this time in society the industry of prostitution was an economic gold mine. The women operate the brothel while very distinguished men in the community own and take care of the up keep. The brothel keepers are seen as nothing more than common home wrecking whores. However, the owners of the brothels are viewed as successful business men.
Industrialization had a major impact on the lives of every American, including women. Before the era of industrialization, around the 1790's, a typical home scene depicted women carding and spinning while the man in the family weaves (Doc F). One statistic shows that men dominated women in the factory work, while women took over teaching and domestic services (Doc G). This information all relates to the changes in women because they were being discriminated against and given children's work while the men worked in factories all day. Women wanted to be given an equal chance, just as the men had been given.
In Christine Stansell’s City of Women, the main issue discussed is “the misfortunes laboring women suffered and the problems they caused” (xi). Throughout the book, Stansell delves into the different aspects that affected these female New Yorkers’ lives, such as inadequate wages, societal stigmas about women laborers, and the hierarchal class system, within antebellum America. She argues that since the nation’s founding, in 1789, the bedrock of these tribulations working women would be mercilessly exposed to was gender inequality. Women’s opportunities and livelihoods were strongly dependent on the dominant male figure in their life, due to the fact that in that period there was very few available and accepted forms of employment for women. Stansell claims, “Paid work was sparse and unstable. Laboring women were confined within a patriarchal economy predicated on direct dependence on men” (18). As the work continues, she illustrates these women’s desires to break away from their reliance on men, as well as the avenues they took to achieve this desired independence. To help solidify her
Thesis: Boydston argues that women in Antebellum America, along with the society surrounding them, believed that there was little to no economic value to the work they did in the home (xii). Boydston in her text seeks understand the "the intimate relationship between the gender and labor systems that characterized industrializing America (xii).
As many women took on a domestic role during this era, by the turn of the century women were certainly not strangers to the work force. As the developing American nation altered the lives of its citizens, both men and women found themselves struggling economically and migrated into cities to find work in the emerging industrialized labor movement . Ho...
Prostitutes did not necessarily “enjoy” their sexual encounters with men, as Victorians tended to believe. Prostitution was their survival. Lower-class women did not become prostitutes because they wanted to. They became prostitutes because they had no alternate choice for survival. There were few options that allowed women to live off her own income instead of her family’s income, and once she e...
principles, from religious dedication to personal liberty. Some fought against prostitution as a moral or social injustice while others charged prostitution as an injustice against women. Beginning in the colonies and continuing even up to present day America, this research will present the philosophies and management behind
Prostitution looms large in the Victorian consciousness. The image of the fallen woman reflects the Victorian upper classes' ideas about sexuality, gender and class. The prostitute is a staple of 19th century fiction. Debate about prostitution is also a reflection of cultural anxiety about urbanization.
Elizabeth Anderson makes a claim that “The attempt to sell gift value on the market makes a mockery of those values.”(Anderson 188) Anderson uses this claim to object commoditized sex (prostitution). There are two premises that Anderson uses to support her claim. The first premise being the gift value of sex cannot be realized in commercial terms and the second premise being that the gift value of sex is more significant that the use value of sex itself.
When women chose to venture into the working force, they could only attain menial jobs. Nevertheless, some women chose to go one step further.
Prostitution dates back to as early as 2400 BC and has formed an interesting chapter in the history of civilization. Prostitution is known to be one of the oldest professions and roughly started all the way back to the 18th century in Mesopotamia. In Ancient Babylon and Sumer, one of the first ever forms of prostitution was sacred prostitution. This was where every woman, rich or poor, had to reach once in their lives the sanctuary of Mylitta (Aphrodite) and there submit themselves into the embraces of a foreigner as a symbolic sign of hospitality and respect towards the goddess. In the Ancient near east, sacred prostitution was a common thing for women to show their dedication to the deities. However, it all ended when Emperor Constantine abolished the custom, destroyed the goddess temples and replaced them for a church to teach Christianity. In Ancient Greece, Prostitution was something both women and men engaged in. The Greek word for prostitute is porne (Gr: πόρνη), derived from the verb pernemi (to sell). It was looked at more as a job rather than a sign of respect. Prostitution was something mostly women turned to when they were in dire financial need. Their activities would occur in places called a Lumpinar or Lumpinarium, which was a vaulted space or cellar. These brothels were described to be very dirty and due to the poor ventilated spaces, the smoke from the burning candles caused the smell to be very potent. Male prostitution was also very common in Ancient Greece, usually practiced in young boys. In Ancient Rome, prostitution was legal, public, and widespread. It played a role in several roman religious observances, usually in the month of April, where the love and fertility goddess presided. At the same...
During the middle ages, medieval communities consisted of numerous types of labourers, mostly comprising of peasants and serfs. Serfs were labourer farmers who worked on their lord’s property in return for being able to use (not own) a section of the property in order to produce food for themselves. Males as well as females could be serfs and have work on the land, however, the females tended to do the household work whereas the males generally worked on the land. A medieval serf’s life was not easy considering that they were not given the land which they used for free and in order to use it, they had to work on that land for the land owner. It was expected of a medieval serf to work roughly 3 days a week on the lord’s property in order to
First of all, they were expected to work alongside their husbands in whatever trade field they were in, as well as being a wife and mother. Young peasant girls started apprentices and gained skills just like the boys did. If a girl from a middle class family got married, usually between the ages of 20-25, they were expected to continue their trade. Middle class women would open up their shop next to their husbands, or become an assistant to their husband in his shop (Kagan et al 218). Women could have any common job that a man could have. However, they were paid less. Depending on the job, they would get paid between 2-3 pence less than what a man would get paid for the same job. Women would never complain about it because it was a male dominated society (Trueman). One job that only women did was make clothing. Women wore long, simple garments that looked like nightgowns from modern times. Clothing was made out of wool for both genders (Lambert). The best job that a lower class woman could have was to work as a servant or wet nurse for an upper class women. Then they at least would not have to work outside in the harsh conditions of winter (Trueman). Women were also excluded from jobs such as doctors, teachers, and lawyers. They could not go to school to continue their education (Kagan et al 218). Women from lower classes rarely had any leisure time. They had to take care of
The history of prostitution extends to all ancient and modern cultures. According to a folklore “’Zohar’ and the ‘alphabet of Ben Sira’ there were four angels of sacred prostitution, who mated with archangel ‘Samael’, they were the queens of demons “Lilith, Naamah, Agrat Bat Mahlat and Eisheth Zenunim. Prostitution was very much prevalent in the ancient Greece where both
In 1898 the Everleigh sisters opened a brothel, and “in less than two years the Everleigh sisters had doubled their investment” (Tikkanen). This shows that if prostitution was legal then all people or business involved with it would have to pay appropriate taxes on their earnings and business, just as other business have to pay certain taxes too. That means that in the two years the Everleigh sisters had doubled their investments the government could of collected a large amount of the money made from the sisters business for taxes. Prostitution was legal in Europe during the Middle Ages and it “constituted a considerable source of public revenue” (Jenkins). Many of the women in a Rhode Island jail would be spending $320 a day on drugs, however while in jail they would go through detox and rehab so they could be clean.