Prostate Cancer
Shuping Chen (Vicky)
David Jahani
Biology 200A
California State University of Los Angeles
Introduction
Within the human body, there are approximately thirteen glands. However, the number of glands would be slight differences depend on sex because some glands only belong to a certain sex. According to the “Human Anatomy & Physiology” tenth edition by Elain N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn, glands in the human body are classified into two categories; they are endocrine glands and exocrine gland (Marieb & Hoehn, 2016). The endocrine glands are known as ductless glands because they lose their connection (duct) with the surface area as they develop. Thus, hormones they released go directly into the blood or lymphatic vessels
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According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention governmental website, 117,489 men were diagnosed with having prostate cancer in the United States during the year of 2012. Approximately 27, 244 men died from this disease the same year (CDC, 2014). It has been found that about one in every seven men will be diagnosed with this cancer. In addition, the chance of older men (men aged 65 years and older) being diagnosed with the disease is much high than younger men. However, the number of young men being diagnosed with the disease also increased with the improvement on the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test screening. As mentioned in the journal article “Prostate Cancer in Elderly Men” by Anton Stangelberge, Matthias Waldert, and Bob Djavan, “the number of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer who are younger than 60 years old increased from 18.6% in 1991 to 40.7% in 2000” (Stangelberger, Waldert, & Djavan, 2008). Nevertheless, the cancer rate increase with the increase of age. This research also found that men from different race also have different cancer rate. Statistics shows that the rates of cancer peaked in white men in 1992 is approximately 237.6 per 100,000 men and about 342.8 per 100,000 men for African American in 1993. It seems African-American men are more likely prone to the disease than white men. In some cases, heredity also plays a role in developing cancer. Since our genes are from both of our parents, people in a family with the history of prostate cancer have a higher chance of getting the
The thyroid gland is located in the anterior, middle portion of the neck. Many of the bodies’ hormones come from the thyroid. According to Porth 2011, “the thyroid hormone increases the metabolism and protein synthesis in nearly all of the tissues of the body.” (p. 784). When these hormones are not regulated, a thyroid disorder develops such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
Cancer is one of the 9 National Health Priority Areas (NHPA), areas which account for a significant portion of the burden of disease, but have sizeable potential for improvement. In Australia, CRC is the second most common cancer, after prostate (in men) and breast cancer (in women) (AIHW, Cancer incidence projections). The incidence has gradually increased (by 13% in males from 1982-2007) (AIHW, Cancer in Australia an overview). This is compounded by the ageing population and population growth, with 14,860 new cases in 2010 (http://www.cancer.org.au/about-cancer/types-of-cancer/bowel-cancer). This graph demonstrates this upward trend ((AIHW, Cancer incidence projections):
Colorectal cancer, or CRC, affects African American men and women more than Caucasians, at a rate 20% higher. This is concerning when faced with the mortality rates among African Americans, 28% higher for women and 14% higher for men than for Whites. African Americans are also more likely to be in later stages of the disease when diagnosed. There is a need to study and evaluate why these factors exist, as proper screening and early diagnosis can severely impact survival rates for CRC. One study attempts to find the solution through testing, however, this study slightly discredits itself along the way.
The thyroid gland plays a major role in the endocrine, thyroxine, triiodothyronine and metabolism system. The gland can be found in the front of the neck and above where the collar bones meet. The thyroid gland controls the body by releasing T4 and T3 hormones. Controlling metabolism plays an important role when regulating mood, weight,
Zenka, D. (2012, October 05). African Americans: At Higher Risk for Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF). Retrieved May 25, 2016
For these reasons, minorities often put off the expense of seeing a doctor until they have advanced disease and are past being easily treated. A lack of education, rural or inner city residence, unemployment, and low literacy rate may also contribute to higher cancer mortality rates for some communities. In several studies researchers investigates whether socioeconomic status is the reason for the disparity in prostate cancer incidence, where African Americans and Non- Hispanic Whites are the top two candidates for prostate cancer. Some results found that the highest level of cancer incidence was positively correlated with low socioeconomic status (Cheng, et al.,
The thyroid gland is part of the endocrine system, and it is controlled by the pituitary which is known as the “master gland” of the endocrine system. The pituitary controls the thyroid by producing Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) which stimulates the production of thyroid hormones. . The thyroid gland secretes two main hormones: Thyroxine (T4) and Tri-Iodothyronine (T3). These hormones increase metabolic rate, heat production, oxygen consumption, appetite, growth hormone secretion, alertness and quicker reflexes. The thyroid gland is located in the anterior portion of the neck, beneath the Adam’s apple. It is divided in two lobes on either side of the windpipe: right lobe and left lobe. These lobes create what looks like a butterfly shape. The gland is essential to the contribution of maintaining the homeostasis of the body. It plays a role in monitoring the body’s expenditure of energy and running the body’s metabolism.
There aren’t that many causes of testicular cancer. But there are a couple of risk factors, which are: undescended testicles, family history, HIV infection, and race too. Undescended testicles are when your testicles do not go to your scrotum before you were born. This increases the chances of being diagnosed with testicular cancer by several times. Also, family history also increases your risk of being diagnosed with this cancer. If a man has it, it is not surprising if his sons or brothers also develop testicular cancer. In addition, HIV is the only infection known to increase the risk of contracting testicular cancer. Lastly, it is statically proven that men living in Asia and Africa are the least affected by testicular cancer. There is no known reason why this is, but it is just proven that males living in the United States and Europe are diagnosed with testicular cancer more than any other males from other countries. Testicular cancer has no real known cause and it can’t really be prevented because all of the things that increase the risk aren’t really in your control. It is also proven that physical activity d...
Cancer of the prostate, a common form of cancer, is a disease in which cancer (malignant) cells are found in the prostate. The prostate is on the male sex glands, and is located just below the bladder and in front of the rectum. The size of the prostate is about the size of a walnut. It surrounds the part of the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. The prostate makes fluid that becomes part of the semen, which contains sperm. Prostate cancer is most commonly found in older men.
Since 1979 the diagnoses of cancer have gone up nearly 20% in a generation as there is more people smoking, drinking, obesity and unfitness (theguardian website, 2011, para. 1). There has been in increase of women with the diagnosis, the diagnoses have risen up by 50% (459 per 100,00), men have risen from 20,000 to 24,000 (the guardian website, 2011, para. 2). Socioeconomic class does have an effect in some cases as cervical and lung cancers are more common in poor people while rates of breast cancer and melanoma are higher in the wealthy (ScienceDaily website, 2008, para. 1). Demographics could also have some effect as those of the wealthier group have more exposure to UV by traveling abroad for the holidays (ScienceDaily website, 2008, para. 5). In regards to smoking, deprived groups continue to smoke while the wealthier groups have quit smoking (ScienceDaily website, 2008, para. 7). Researchers have linked cancer to not only demographics, socioeconomic class but also race and
...culatory system. Pituitary gland is a growth hormone that helps in mertabolism and develops reproductive organs. The thyroid controls metabolsim on the rate that the body breaks down food. Adrenal gland secretes many hormones including adrenaline which prepares the body to react in a stressful situation. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and insulin. Ovaries produce ova and estrogen. Testes produce sperm cells and testosterone. To stay healthy you should get a regular medical check-up, eat a well-balanced diet, sleep at least 8 hours, and decrease stress in your life. Some problems are growth disorders, diabetes, and obesity. Puberty begins at different times for girls then boys. Girls start around ages 9-13 and boys are ages 10-15.
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of mortality and medical expense in men age forty and above. However, it has only recently become a topic of conversation to men in America (Plowden, 2009). African-American men are affected by prostate cancer at a disproportionate level over all other men. They are diagnosed up to 65% more frequently and the mortality rate is twice that of their Caucasian counterparts (Emerson, 2009). So why is the African-American male less likely to take advantage of prostate cancer screenings even when it is free (Oliver, 2007)?
Each gland of the endocrine system is responsible for the releasing of different hormones, and those hormones trigger different activities in different places of the body. Hypothalamus, pineal body, anterior and posterior pituitary glands, adrenal gland, and thyroid gland are the main glands of the endocrine system while there are some other associated glands, as well. The endocrine system is known to be as the chemical information system. Some of the main functions of this system have to do with growth and development, metabolism, tissue function, sexual function, mood swings,
At the hypothalamus’s signal, one of two types of sweat glands, the eccrine glands, get to work. These sweat glands produce odorless perspiration, a mixture of water, salt and small amounts of other electrolytes, directly onto the skin’s surface. This second type of sweat gland is found predominantly in hair-covered areas, like the scalp, armpits and groin. These
Each tear gland is about the size and shape of an almond. These glands are located behind the upper eyelid at the outer corner of the eye. After passing over the eye, the liquid from the gland is drained into the nose through the tear duct at the inner corner of the eye.Heavy laughter or crying causes muscles in the upper eyelid to squeeze the lachrymal gland. This produces tears that flow too fast to be drained away. The eyelashes catch many flying particles that otherwise would enter the eye.