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Outline paper of consciousness
Morality in humans vs in animals
Morality in humans vs in animals
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Recommended: Outline paper of consciousness
My question refers to proving that, in light of scientific discoveries that suggest animals are conscious, we can no longer rely on the distinctions given by philosophers which draw a line between man and beast. I am aiming to prove that it is implausible to deny that animals are self-conscious, if we consider humans to be so. With reference to descartes, kant, and bentham specifically. We will discuss why animals should not be abused because they are likely to be just as self-conscious as humans.
Are animals self-conscious? Are they aware of themselves in the same way philosophy assumes humans are? What is it like to live the internal life of an animal? A bat? A dog? A pig on their way to slaughter? Does an animal's self-consciousness lead to the abolishment of animal abuse? In the form of food, clothes, or entertainment? If i can take the time to convince you that animals are self-conscious, then i will convince you that they are also morally valuable. Or else we would decide that humans have no intrinsic moral value.
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I am writing in reaction to the Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness that was publicly proclaimed on July 7, 2012, at that university. Where in scientist behind the paper declared, "Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, & neurophysiological substrates of conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit intentional behaviors. Consequently, the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. Nonhuman animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess these neurological substrates."
Neuroscientists claim that due to unconscious brain activity, we are “biochemical puppets” (Nahmias). Through experiments conducted by neuroscientists like Itzhak Fried, neural activity is shown to occur before a conscious decision is made. Fried concluded that this was a predetermined occurrence
Animals can appear to plan for the future, for instance gathering food and storing it for future use, but then again this seems to be nothing more than instinctive behavior. Actually rationally thinking about the future involves considering prospective consequences. Animals may be aware when it is feeding time, but they will not rationalize about what they want to eat; it’s less of a choice and more of a need on a basis for survival. Animals can have distinctive capacities for memory storage. The phrase "an elephant never forgets" derives from elephants’ notable ability to recall the locations of places, other animals, and things, such as water holes, long after visiting them only one time in their life. What separates humans from animals are their abilities to reflect on the events from they’re past and evaluate them, or wish they had done something differently. How animals do learn is from repeated experience and instinct. One would expect that when a deer has a close encounter with a car, it would not cross roads or learn to cross when there are no cars, but that is not how animals think. A deer will still cross the road; it is purely luck that prevents the deer from getting hit by a car. Fukuyama references the concept of consciousness as a key element of demanding respect and dignity. While explaining the concepts of feelings of pain
To Descartes, it’s their lack of intelligence. Sure, parrots and some other animals can mimic human sounds and words, but they lack the ability to think about what they are saying. Another one of Descartes arguments supporting the separation of humans and animals is that if machines were created to resemble and act like animals, there is no way we would be able to tell them from the real thing. Unlike the animals though, a machine created to resemble a human could never pass off as real. According to Descartes, it would be impossible to get the machine to react to other humans in an appropriate way.
As I mentioned, I disagree with Carruthers reasoning. First and foremost, I think he contradicts himself. He says that animals are capable of suffering and feeling pain and emotions at a conscious level. So if they are capable of that, just as humans are, then why are they not considered rational agents with moral standing? They may be different from us in many ways, but if you break it down at a really basic level there are similarities. [Try to explain these similarities if
In the Introduction to “The Social Animal”, David Brooks offers a synthesis of new research which challenges our understanding of, as he says “how the conscious and unconscious minds interact.” Specifically, Brooks argues that the processes. As the author, he puts it, “Rob actually shiver[s] as he escort[s] Julia back unconscious and conscious mind interact through how the control is divided up. The unconscious mind controls body movement while the conscious mind controls thinking to her car. His heart [is] palpitating and his breathing [is] fast. […] Vague sensations [sweep] over him, which he [doesn’t] understand […] because their sensations had not cohered into any conscious message” (Brooks 15-17). We can see from this example that Rob
Newman, J. B., Banks, W. P., & Baars, B. J. (2003). Essential Sources in the Scientific Study of Consciousness. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
The original source of the concept of consciousness is considered to come from the English Philosopher John Locke who perceived the term to be “the perception of what passes in a man’s own mind” (Locke 1690). The challenge of defining the term is even considered daunting as it is still found to be difficult in giving a specific definition. Although, most psychologists appreciate that there is a basic broad understanding of the term, that being: the general awareness of an individual whilst awake. There has not yet been an ultimate and concluding definition. This is demonstrated by Francis Crick and Christoff Koch (as cited in Güzeldere, 1997) who stated ‘they need not provide a precise definition of consciousness since everyone has a rough idea of what is meant by consciousness', this was written in 1990, a far more recent indication of consciousness still being free from complete human understanding, even the greatest minds have struggled with Sigmund Freud (as cited in Güzeldere, 1997) declaring “What is meant by consciousness we need not discuss; it is beyond all doubt.”
"Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness." Encyclopedia of Consciousness. Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 26 April 2011.
Is Consciousness something automatic, rooted in our selves, something inseparable in a being with abilities of
Animals are used today for many sources of protection, food, clothing, transportation, sports, entertainment, and labor, but millions of these animals die each year from abuse. “Most of the reasons that people give for denying animals rights are: animals do not have souls, god gave humans dominion over the animals, humans are intellectually superior to animals, humans are intellectually superior to animals, animals do not reason, think, or feel pain like humans do, animals are a natural resource to used as humans see fit, and animals kill each other” (Evans). It all started in the nineteenth century, when people began abusing animals by beating them, feeding them poorly, providing them with no shelter or poor shelter, left to die if they were sick or old, or by cruel sports. Most of the organized efforts to improve human treatment of animals all started in England. Around the 1800s, there was signs of rising concern for animal welfare in the United States.
Reportedly, the American director and producer Steven Spielberg has his eyes on Olivia Cooke to play the female lead for his upcoming film Ready Player One. As stated by The Hollywood Reporter, the Me and Earl and the Dying Girl, and the American drama series - Bates Motel actress is in talks with him to star in the movie. This can only mean that Olivia Cooke will no longer be considered for a rumored lead role in the epic space opera franchise Star Wars: Episode VIII. Behind the next movie of Steven Spielberg are Warner Bros. and Village Roadshow production. Steven Spielberg, who is considered as one of the founding pioneers of the New Hollywood era, will have his upcoming film as an adaptation of the best-selling sci-fi novel by Ernie Cline.
“Consciousness is defined as everything of which we are aware at any given time - our thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions of the external environment. Physiological researchers have returned to the study of consciousness, in examining physiological rhythms, sleep, and altered states of consciousness (changes in awareness produced by sleep, meditation, hypnosis, and drugs)” (Wood, 2011, 169). There are five levels of consciousness; Conscious (sensing, perceiving, and choosing), Preconscious (memories that we can access), Unconscious ( memories that we can not access), Non-conscious ( bodily functions without sensation), and Subconscious ( “inner child,” self image formed in early childhood).
It’s fair to assume there should be disparity between the way cats and cows are treated, or the way chickens and dogs are. Certain animals have their place in the animal kingdom, grazing animals like cows and chickens have historically been used as a food source since the concept of animal husbandry was introduced, on the other end of the spectrum cats and dogs have been domesticated and kept as common house pets. The suggestion that livestock have the same emotions and feelings as a typical housecat can be up to debate. Peter Singer states that the behavior of some apes, dolphins and dogs suggest they have emotions and desires. All of the evidence, or the lack thereof, leads to issues concerning the ethical treatment of all animals.
Animals can be perceived in many different ways. While some humans consider animals to be mindless machines programmed with instinct, others view them as spiritual creatures capable of coherent thought and emotions. I feel that animals are somewhere in the middle. Although they rely heavily on instinct, the ability to feel emotions shows that their mental capacity is not far from that of a human.
Throughout the history of the world, there have been subjects of heated debates; there are a few facts that are undisputed. One of the undisputed facts is that animals existed and inhabited the planet before humans did and humans have been dependent on animals for thousands of years. Animals have played a very vital part in our history and one wonders whys should they be treated with much cruelty. While animals have been a great resource, a steady supply of food and clothing and even security, our treatment towards them has become nothing short of appalling. Since humans are dependent on animals for their well being, their comfort and at times their religion, there should be a moral obligation to treat animals.