1. C.1.2: Presupposition Presupposition, which indicates a prior assumption, is a vital notion in both semantic and pragmatic disciplines. It refers to assumptions implicitly made by interlocutors, which are necessary for the correct interpretation of an utterance. Although there is a general agreement that presupposition is a universal property of language, there are various propositions concerning its nature. A presupposition that a speaker assumes to be the case prior making an utterance. The presupposition of an utterance is the pieces of information that speaker assumes (or acts as if she assumes) in order for her utterance to be meaningful in the current text. Stalnaker, who introduce the term ‘pragmatic presupposition’ in an influential …show more content…
The clearest instances of pragmatic presuppositions are those that cannot easily be traced to specific words or phrases, but rather seems to arise from more general properties of the context and expectations of the discourse …show more content…
Grice (1957), the concept of meaning is founded on what is communicated, intentionally, by the speaker, what he called M-intentions. What he conceived as a study of the ontology of meaning has been received, however, as a characterization of communicative intentions, the mental causes of communicative acts, and those that the hearer has to understand for the communicative act to be successful. So conceived communicative intentions have these characteristic properties: Firstly, they are always oriented towards some other agent i.e. the addressee. Secondly, they are overt, that is, they are intended to be recognized by the addressee. And the last one is their satisfaction consists precisely in being recognized by the addressee. Grice (1957:219) utilises intentions in the definition and cited by The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2012) as
An assumption is a thought or opinion that is accepted as being true, without enough or any proof. In The Scarlet Letter and The Minister’s Black Veil, this occurred a lot in their community. Both stories were solemly based on this theme. Judgment went along with assumption. The people of the community in The Scarlet Letter used assumption as a way to justify an excuse of judging Hester Prynne. The people of the community in The Minister’s Black Veil, used assumptions to think of ways to describe how minister, Mr. Hooper, has changed. Punishment leads to judgment, false facts, confrontation, and change.
Bordo and Berger put us in the position to realize we actually do make assumption of thing based off prior knowledge. Both authors argues that we make learning assumption towards images taken away from its originality, but this is because we allow ourselves to do so. This is not something we take the time out and think about; as a result, when viewing an image people might stop and actually question themselves.
A fallacy is defined as a failure in reasoning that renders an argument invalid, faulty reasoning, or a misleading or unsound argument. There are many kinds of fallacies and even websites devoted to describing the various kinds of logical fallacies. Fallacies, though, are slippery little fiends, which do not hesitate to creep in even where they are unwanted. No one wants their argument proved false, but careful, critical readers can spot these shifty deceivers. On the website of the Center for American Progress, there is an article – authored by Catherine Brown and Ulrich Boser – called “The DeVos Family Dynasty.” This article is a poor example of persuasive communication because there are many cases of ad hominem fallacy, the authors repeatedly
The ontology and epistemology of the researcher influences the design of tools for health education. However, it is imperative that the researcher is aware of, one’s own culture, values, assumptions and beliefs (7), and recognizes how these inherent biases/prejudices may influence the design of health education tools. The researcher must be mindful of the target population’s ontology and way of learning so as to ensure that the tool provides learning and information in the manner familiar and comfortable to the recipients as this will increase learning and produce sustainable change. Most importantly, the underlining theory that guides the design of the tool must be commensurate with Indigenous epistemology.
The term “a priori” refers primarily to the basis on which a proposition is known. If a statement has been written a priori it has been made without prior experience or empirical evidence of what it states. The author of the proposition has used reason to deduce his idea and it is not based on any observed fact.
Assumptions influence our perceptions because when assumptions are made, it is often the case that there is not enough information for the assumptions to be accurate. Dillard gives an example that relates to this in her essay when she says, “[We] see what [we] expect” (Dillard 20). When an assumption is formed about a person or situation, then things that agree with that assumption is what is looked for, so that is what will be perceived. This may create inaccurate impressions. Another problem with making assumptions is that it is assumed that there is consistency to others’ behavior and often the focus on negative things about others. When it is assumed that there is consistency to others’ behavior, it is assumed that after seeing them act one way once or twice, they will always act like that. (Beebe 77). These examples relate to another idea that Dillard talks about in her essay. Dillard says, “Peeping through my keyhole I see within the range of only about thirty percent of light that comes from the sun…” (21). This agrees with an idea that people tend to ignore information when making perceptions and only looking at a small portion of the big picture and make perceptions based off of that. An example that relates to all of these would be if someone expects a person to be rude, then whenever those two people interact, rude behavior will be all that is looked for and all that is given any thought. People often form perceptions off of assumptions and small pieces of the big picture which oftentimes makes those perceptions that a person might have
According to the Merriam -Webster Online Dictionary an assumption is a belief that something is true or a fact or statement that is taken for granted. Susan Glaspell wrote "Trifles" to demonstrate the male assumption that women are insignificant members in a male dominated society. Because the men underestimate them, the women are able to prove they are not insignificant. The improper assumptions by men toward women can have dire consequences, as demonstrated in Glaspell's world. Combating these narcissistic assumptions displayed by men can result in a unity among women that can overcome any male caused disrespect and oppression.
The structure of power in society is a vital part of understanding sociology. The two main theories that differentiate this structure are Mills’ theory of a power elite and Riesman’s contrasting theory of veto groups, or pluralism. Both theories are often found in varying degrees when considering important public decisions, such as the Hoover Redevelopment Plan or the University Village Plan. Generally, one of these theories is more applicable and relevant to certain public decisions and developments depending on the issue. While both of these theories played a part in the Hoover Redevelopment Plan and the University Village Plan, the power elite theory is ultimately more responsible for the institution of these developments.
The definition of presupposition is a belief that takes precedence over other beliefs. In the presuppositi...
Assumption analysis describes the activity adults engage in to bring to awareness beliefs, values, cultural practices, and social structures regulating behavior and to assess their impact on daily activities.
In the short story "Through the tunnel", Doris Lessing describes the adventure of Jerry, a young English boy trying to swim through an underwater tunnel. Throughout the story, the author uses the third person omniscient point of view to describe the boy's surroundings and to show us both what he and the other characters are thinking and what is happening around them. By using this point of view, the author is able to describe the setting of the story, give a detailed description of the characters, and make the theme visible.
Donnellen (1966) criticized the Russell and Strawson’s view. He claimed that there are attributive and referential uses of definite description. The former is about attributively using definite description in an assertion which stating something about “A is B”. The latter is about speaker using the description to let the audience to know what is “A is B” about. Donnellen claimed that Russell focus on former and Strawson focus on latter.
So concluding that ‘I am,’ ‘I exist,’ is true whenever it is conceived in mind, attests the fact that since thinking is taking place, regardless of whether or not what is being thought of is true or not, implies that there must be something else involved in the notion, precisely the “I.” Consequently, “I exist” is a certain belief from which other certain truths can be inferred.
A priori is a phrase in Latin that represents a sentence, statement, or idea under four conditions. An a priori must be indep...
We can know some propositions in a particular subject area by intuition alone, or by deducting them from intuited propositions.