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Essays about the french revolution
Themes in a tale of two cities
Essays about the french revolution
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The Theme of Predetermined Fate Charles Dickens was one of the best fictional writers of his time and wrote many books including, A Tale of Two Cities. He was determined, skilled, and ambitious, which led to his great literary success. His many books also won him great, unexpected poularity around the world. In A Tale of Two Cities, not only does he focus on the theme of the Revolution, but the fact that fate is predetermined. The theme of predetermined fate is supported throughout the book by the metaphors of the fountain/water, the echoing footsteps, and knitting.
The theme of predetermined fate is supported by the first metaphor of the water/the fountain through the characters,
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Madame Defarge is knitting a registry of people who are condemned to die. Anyone who crosses her path that she feels deserve to be killed will be killed. She is basically knitting their fate herself. Once their name makes it onto the list, there is no removing it. Their fate is determined, then and there and there is no changing it. As Dickens describes, “It would be easier for the weakest poltroon that lives, to erase himself from existence, than to erase one letter of his name or crimes from the knitted register of Madame Defarge” (132). One family in particular whose name made it onto the registry is the Evrèmondes. As a young girl, a majority Madame Defarge’s family, including her sister, unborn nephew, brother, father, and brother-in-law all died because of the Evrèmonde brothers. Since that time, she has been determined to kill his entire family. We learn that they are “To be registered as doomed to destruction,” returned Defarge …. The chateau and all the race,” retunred Defarge “Extermination” (132). She is officially knitting them into her registry and changing their fate forever. At this point, their fate has been decided and even though Darnay does actually escape, there is nothing the Evrèmonde family could have done to change the outcome of the rest of its members. In addition to her hate for the Evrèmonde family, Madame Defarge’s troubled past also makes her hate the aristocracy as a whole. Anyone she believes is a member will be immediately registered in her knitting and most likely sentenced to death. This is not uncommon at all. Just in one day, “Fifty-two were to roll that afternoon on the life-tide of the city to the boundless everlasting sea” (269). Fifty-two is not a high number of killings, its actually around the average number of people killed each day for being an accused member of the aristocracy. Just like the Evrèmondes, their fate
In the first book of the novel, the goal of Madame Defarge includes exterminating the noble race. She is constantly knitting in the wine shop she owns. The knitting shows a passive way to express her hatred towards others. “Her knitting was before her, but she had laid it down to pick her teeth with a toothpick” (Dickens 55). The quote shows how even in her first showing in the book, she is knitting. Her knitting and constant plotting brings frequent fear to her husband, Ernest Defarge, and all other wine shop patrons. Considering even her own husband is afraid for his life, Defarge keeps death in secrecy and shows extremely negative qualities. Defarge knits a register for the intended killing of the revolution in secrecy to show her hatred towards certain people. She has negative characteristics in regard to the loss of her family and her plot to kill all of her enemies. Madame Defarge lasts as the leader attributed to all women fighting in the revolution and
Madame Defarge was taking out her anger on the whole family, which she thought had killed her sister. So Madame Defarge was going after all of the Marquis, no matter if they had anything to do with the murder or not.
Villains have been a quintessential part of the novel for generations, ranging from deranged madmen to methodical criminals. Dickens does a particularly good job in formatting his villains, and due to the levels of complexity and detail put into them, he is able to express more through them than what appears at face value. In particular, Madame Defarge in A Tale of Two Cities is one of his most well thought out villains in terms of character design and development, conflict creation and supporting characters, and thematic representation. Dickens created Madame Defarge’s character as one of great importance to the novel and thus needed to elaborate on her character immensely.
On the subject of the French she says, “I am a subject of His Most Gracious Majesty King George the Third and as such, my maxim is, Confound their politics, Frustrate their knavish tricks…God save the King.” (338) Since she is such, she is the perfect foil for Madame Defarge. Madame Defarge epitomizes chaos and violence. With her unrelenting bloodthirstiness and unceasing desire for revenge she symbolizes the intensity and bloodiness of the French Revolution. “The Evrémonde people are to be exterminated, and the wife and child must follow the husband and father.” (418) Madame’s chilling certainty and willingness to kill an innocent mother and child show the hatred that makes up the revolution she personifies and the peasants that were a part of it. Although Madame Defarge and Miss Pross are foils they share a common ground. They both have an uncompromising sense of duty; Miss Pross to Lucie’s safety and happiness, and Madame to a new and better France. They are both willing to do anything for these causes, including lying down their lives. As Miss Pross says, “I don’t care an English Twopence for myself. I know that the longer I keep you here, the greater hope there is for my Ladybird.” (427) Dickens uses these similarities he suggests that even seemingly opposites can have underlying
...l of men. The oppressed male peasants join together to form a group of Jacques, or soldiers, to overthrow the aristocracy. The Jacques use The Defarge's wine-shop as a meeting place. Throughout the story, Madame Defarge is either murdering someone or knitting. She is always "sitting in her usual place in the wine-shop, knitting away assiduously" (162). Her friends are a twisted as she. Her closest confidant is known as The Vengeance. Both Madame Defarge and the Jacques fight until the end.
Monsieur Defarge is a revolutionary disguised as a mere bartender. He communicates secretly with his fellow revolutionaries in the bar and helps to orchestrate the plot to overthrow the French aristocracy. Despite the power he holds, he is overshadowed by his ruthless wife, Mrs. Defarge. Mrs. Defarge is a very powerful woman with a lot of influence, and she is ultimately the driving force behind the revolution’s plot. She decides who to kill and knits their name into a coded list. Monsieur Defarge is cooperative and submissive to her, as seen when he agrees with every part of the story she tells without being prompted. Monsieur Defarge is a masculine character with a lot of influence, but his relationship with his wife is not reflective of what was typical during the time period of the French revolution. This is used by Dickens to show that society’s attitudes towards masculinity and femininity are
The opposition would state that Madame Defarge was just a basic evil figure because she always was thinking of getting revenge. However, they failed to recognise that not only did Madame Defarge constantly knit, a key trait of the Fates, but she also handed out justice to those who deserved it. Although Madame Defarge is a scary old woman, pointing her knitting needles at little Lucie, she is not just evil. Dickens words about the “finger of Fate” clearly illustrate that there is more to many people than meets the eye (still not little Lucie’s). In this case, it was to understand clearly that even though Madame Defarge seemed evil, she was meant to represent the Fates, and to hand out justice to a world that needed it so
...to revenge. She turned into this cold killer to kill the entire Evermonde family for what they had done to her family. She uses her power in the revolution to take revenge on the Evermonde family. Madame Defarge loses her true self and becomes someone who disregards the lives of people include hers. Dickens’s theme of how history repeats itself appears again when Madame Defarge kills innocent people similar to what the Marquis of Evermonde did.
She plays the Force of Evil, as she plots against Darnay and those around him, despite occasional disapprovals from her husband. “‘One must stop somewhere. After all, the question is still where?’ ‘At extermination,’ said Madame’” (263). She’s described as a, “ruthless woman, now taking her way along the streets. Of a strong and fearless character, of shrewd sense and readiness, of great determination… but, imbued from her childhood with a brooding sense of wrong, and an inveterate hatred of a class, opportunity had developed her into a tigress” (281). Madame Defarge did what she thought was right in order to try and compensate for the damage done during her childhood, “that sister of the mortally wounded boy upon the ground was my sister, that husband was my sisters husband, that unborn child was their child, that brother was my brother, that father was my father”
Another example of foreshadowing is the clues to the death of the Marquis St. Evremonde. The people that want a revolution hate the Marquis. “That I believe our name to be more detested then any name in France” from Charles Darnay to the Marquis (113). The Marquis hears this and reply’s “’A compliment’, said the Marquis, ‘to the grandeur of the family’”(showing that he is completely oblivious to what is going on in France)(113). This is foreshadowing that the people will probably punish the Marquis. The final event is when the Marquis’s coach ran over a child and he replied “’It is extraordinary to me, said he ‘ that you people cannot take care of yourselves and you children’”(102). Then Defarge throws his coin back into the carriage, showing his anger. This event angers the people, and is a key part in the foreshadowing of the Marquis’s death.
...erfully to represent fate and how things will always turn out the way they are meant to in the end.
Throughout A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens repeats a number of symbols and motifs. By employing these two literary devices throughout the duration of the story, Dickens is working to emphasize the importance of these specific components of the story. Motifs and symbols represent repeating ideas that help the reader to understand, as well as highlight the author’s central idea. Dickens employs the usage of symbols and motifs, such that by using both he adds a layer of significance and deeper meaning to actions, people, as well as objects. Additionally, by using symbols and motifs, Dickens is able to create a story in which both the characters, and the plot are interwoven.
Madame Defarge, on the other hand, does not just hate Lucie, but she hates the Manettes and all the Evremondes. One would think that such a strongly fueled hatred would permit Madame Defarge to overpower Miss Pross, but, as the reader finds out, Miss Pross' determination to keep her darling "Ladybird" safe, from any harm that might come to her or her family, allows her to overpower and kill her enemy. This time, the power of good overcomes the power of evil due to Miss Pross' true love and dedication to Lucie. Another struggle between love and hate can be found within Monsieur Defarge. In this particular case, it is evil that eventually triumphs.
She created her own knitting patterns for letters out of the hope that the person knitted on the sweater will die. Many times in the book when something interesting happens around Madame Defarge she just continues knitting her hit list. She was so devoted to her gathering of people and their crime, so hopeful for them to be punished at her hands, and so ruthless as to hope for them to die. Defarge once said “It would be easier for the weakest poltroon that lives, to erase himself from existence, than to erase one letter of his name of crimes from the knitted register of Madame Defarge. ”(174)
Charles Dickens is a talented author who wrote many notable novels, including A Tale of Two Cities. Barbara Hardy notes that at a young age Dickens’ father was imprisoned for debt, leaving young Charles to support himself and his family alone (47). Dickens strongly disliked prisons, which shows as a motif in A Tale of Two Cities. Many of his interests contributed to the formulation of the novel. In the essay “Introduction” from the book, Charles Dickens, Harold Bloom claims Dickens hoped “to add something to the popular and picturesque means of understanding [the] terrible time” of the Revolution (20). Dickens’ reading and “extraordinary reliance upon Carlyle’s bizarre but effective French Revolution” may have motivated him to write the novel (Bloom 21). Sir James Fitzjames Stephen believed that Dickens was “on the look-out for a subject, determined off-hand to write a novel about [French Revolution]” (Bloom 20). In Brown’s book Dickens in his Time, Dickens guided the writing of the play Frozen Deep where two rivals share the same love, and one ultimately sacrifices himself for...