Hunter Murdoch
APEC chapter 21.5-21.6
25) Identify two different attitudes toward poverty and unemployment in the nineteenth century.
There were many different attitudes towards poverty and unemployment. To start off, there were many beliefs set by philosophers that the increase growth of population would lead to poverty and unemployment. This would eventually prove to be true as the growth in population called for more jobs and resources. People started to have to fire member that were not as skilled and had to hire skilled workers. Many people became very poor and unemployed and this caused uproar. The government did not react well to this and didn’t do much about it. This then created a desire for a revolution.
26) Using the textbook information:
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list and explain two characteristics of Romanticism. To the romantics, poetry ranked above all other literary forms because they believe it was the direct expression of one’s soul.
The romantic poets were viewed as seers who could reveal the invisible world to others. Their incredible sense of drama made some of them the most colorful figures of their era, living intense but short lives. Another important characteristic was individualism. The desire to follow their inner drives led them to rebel against the middle class conventions. Long hair, beards, and outrageous clothes served to reinforce the individualism that young romantics were trying to express.
27) Why would a Romantic study history?
There were many reasons why the romantics would study history. To start off, they wanted a revival of the medieval gothic architecture that left European cities bedecked with neo-gothic buildings from centuries ago. History was also very important to people because they learned more about their cultures. Also they rejected the ideas of classicism. They abandoned classical restraint for warmth, emotion, and movement. People used original ideas from the gothic century to create new and modern styles of painting.
28) What was Mary Shelly’s warning via
Frankenstein? Her novel was the story of a mad scientist who brings into being a humanlike monster who goes berserk. Some romantics even sought the unusual in their own lives by pursuing extraordinary states of experience in dreams, nightmares, frenzies, and suicidal depression or by experimenting with cocaine, opium, and hashish, to produce altered states of consciousness which was her warning through Frankenstein. 29) How did Beethoven break through to the elements of Romanticism? Beethoven is one of the few composers who were able to singlehandedly transform the art of music. Set ablaze by the events in France, a revolutionary mood burned brightly across Europe, and he, like other creative personalities, yearned to communicate his cherished beliefs. He served as a bridge from the classical era to romanticism; after him came a number of musical geniuses who composed in the romantic style. Eventually he became deaf but was able to compose one last time while he was completely deaf. 30) What factors lead to the Catholic revival? Catholicism benefitted from the romantic enthusiasm for religion; there were many conversions to the catholic faith. Francois wrote a book that defended the catholic religion. His defense on Catholicism was based not on historical, theological, or even rational ground but mainly on romantic sentiment. As a faith, Catholicism echoed the harmony of all things, especially in cathedrals, which brought you into the very presence of god. The restoration of the nobility brought a new appreciation for the catholic faith as a force for order in society.
Romanticism was the shift from the incorporation of logic and deductive reasoning to placing faith in personal experiences, imagination, and feelings. Romanticism was the transformation of societal conformity to individualism and freedom. Romantic writers expressed their curiosities and interests in supernatural themes rather than concerning themselves with mundane and scientific elements. Poetry was especially revered during the Romantic period for its expression of a writer’s powerful feelings and individuality. One Romantic poet, who appealed to the characteristics of Romanticism, was Oliver Wendell Holmes. He demonstrated characteristics of American Romanticism in his poem “Old Ironsides.”
Romanticism is a revolt against rationalism. The poets and authors of this time wrote about God, religion, and Beauty in nature. The romantics held a conviction that imagination and emotion are superior to reason. One such author is William Cullen Bryant, he wrote the poem Inscription for the Entrance to a Wood. This poem uses many literary devices, and has a strong message to portray to the reader.
Dissatisfaction of the poor was one of the reasons french revolution entered the radical stage. The people were angry. They were starving to death and so were their
Poor Work Conditions in the 1850's Work is a very important part of everyone's life. Work leads to wages, which then leads to the lifestyle you may live. Between 1750 and 1850, work transformed greatly in Europe. It changed all types of aspects of work including where you work, what you do, and how much you may get paid for it.
Most of the reasons concerning agrarian discontent in the late nineteenth century stem from supposed threats posed by monopolies and trusts, railroads, money shortages and the demonetization of silver, though in many cases their complaints were not valid. The American farmer at this time already had his fair share of problems, perhaps even perceived as unfair in regards to the success industrialized businessmen were experiencing. Nevertheless, crops such as cotton and wheat, which were once the staples of an agricultural society, were selling at such low prices that it was nearly impossible for farmers to make a profit off them, especially since some had invested a great deal of money in modern equipment that would allow them to produce twice as many goods. Furthermore, improvements in transportation allowed foreign competition to emerge, making it harder for American Farmers to not only dispose of surplus crop, but to transport crops period. Finally, years of drought in the Midwest and the degeneration of business in the 1890's devastated many of the nation's farmers, and as a result of this agricultural depression' many farm groups, most notably the Populist Party, arose to fight what farmers saw as the reasons for the decline of agriculture.
The Conditions of Britain's Working Classes c.1840 For many centuries, Britain's economy was centred on agriculture, which became mechanised in the early 18th century. In the 1840s, however, the working state of Britain was very different - Britain was industrialising; capitalism resulted in massive dislocation. The number of jobs becoming available in the cities due to the building of factories and workshops meant that people were both internally migrating and immigrating. The majority of immigration was from Ireland; Irish workers named 'navvis' were entering Britain to work on the canals. However, even though so many jobs were being created, the massive influx of people into the cities put great pressure on precious resources and resulted in population explosion due to the ever-increasing urbanisation and industrialisation, which exacerbated public health issues which had been ever-present over centuries.
Romanticism was a literary movement that occurred in the late eighteenth century to the mid nineteenth century which shifted the focus of literature from puritan works, to works which revolved around imagination, the beauty of nature, the individual, and the value of emotion over intellect. The ideas of the movement were quite revolutionary as earlier literature was inhibited by the need to focus on society and the rational world it effected. Romanticism allowed writers to be more creative with there stories and to explore an irrational world which before, would have been at the very least frowned upon if not outright rejected. The short story, “Young Goodman Brown” by Nathaniel Hawthorne is an example of a romantic work because it showcases the individual over society, exalts emotion and intuition over reason, and keeps a strong focus on nature throughout the story.
The. Economic reasons are probably the most obvious. There was an unbearable poverty amongst a large number of peasants. The poorer, the poorer. non-land-owning peasants have lost their jobs shortly after the 1905 revolution due to the new creation of a middle, land-owning class.
In the dictionary, romanticism is defined as a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. Characteristics of romanticism are: interest in the common man and childhood, awe of nature and the importance of imagination. Usually when we hear the word romanticism we automatically think that it has something to do with being romantic. With poetry, the writers use Romanticism as way of expressing their feelings and emotions using the gift of the nature that surrounds us. John Keats’s odes are especially known for romanticism specifically his most famous ode, Ode to a Nightingale. In this poem Keats reveals how miserable he is with his life and uses his mind to breakaway to a perfect place. When his plan turns out to be disheartening he comes back to the real world with an altered outlook on life.
As the many socio-political rebellions of the late eighteenth-century accepted new social orders and new ways of life and notion, so composers of the period broke new musical ground by attaching a new emotional depth to the preponderating classical forms. Throughout the remainder of the nineteenth-century, artists of all kinds became intent in declaring their subjective, personal emotions. "Romanticism" gained its name from the romances of medieval times, long poems describing stories of heroes and chivalry, of distant lands and far away places, and often of unattainable love. The romantic artists are the first in history to provide
To the Romantics, the imagination was important. It was the core and foundation of everything they thought about, believed in, and even they way they perceived God itself. The leaders of the Romantic Movement were undoubtedly Samuel Taylor Coleridge and his close friend, William Wordsworth. Both were poets, and both wrote about the imagination. Wordsworth usually wrote about those close to nature, and therefore, in the minds of the Romantics, deeper into the imagination than the ordinary man. Coleridge, however, was to write about the supernatural, how nature extended past the depth of the rational mind.
Romanticism began in the mid-18th century; Romanticism focuses on the individual and preaches finding truth. Romanticism is an artistic movement and which characterized by individual boldness, emotion, and a deeper understanding of civilization and humanity. During the Romanticism period nature was considered powerful, changing constantly, and there was a profound belief that there are endless possibilities for mankind to change the world. Romanticism allowed artistic freedom, experimentation, and creativity. These reactions allowed the scientific rationalization of nature, which then allowed the visual arts, music, and literature. Romanticism became popular in American politics, philosophy and art. The movement affected the revolutionary spirit of those who wanted to break free
to divide the continent into four separate time zones, with each being an hour apart, the federal government then made these time zones standard for all purposes in 1918.
The Romantics had a unique connection and view of nature. In many ways nature was like a religion to them. They worshiped and cherished nature and its beauty. The contemporary view of nature is largely based on what can be proved by science. People now believe what can be verified by scientists as the truth, but there are a few exceptions to that. Some people now want to protect nature like the romantics wanted to all those years ago. Romantics looked to find the answers to their questions in nature.
Romanticism has certain characteristics, such as emotion, imagination, introspection, our response to the natural world, and the insight of childhood, that differentiates it from the age of Enlightenment where objectivity and reason were emphasized. Three major preoccupations of Romanticism were nature, dreams, and human conditions. During this period of time there were experimentations with existing narcotics. There were some poets who wrote their best works while affected by drugs. A big emphasis was pointed to the foreign and the savage, the poor and the unlettered people. Poets felt free to express their feelings and emotions and very often they were called prophets or seers because they were able to see things that no one else could see.