Polyarteritis Nodosa is a vasculitis disease that affect medium muscular arteries. Vasculitis is a disease that attacks the blood vessels that make arteries become inflamed. Polyarteritis Nodosa is a rare disease that affect adults, mainly middle ages males. The cause of the disease is unknown but has been related to hepatitis B or C. Organs that are mainly affect is the heart, kidneys and skin. Signs and symptoms are general such as fever, fatigue, loss of appetite and weight loss (Gota). Diagnosing polyarthritis nodosa is difficult, therefore knowing your family and your own medical history will help with diagnosing. Doctors will be able to test with blood work, CT, MRI scans and biopsy. (“Vasculitis Foundation-Polyarteritis Nodosa.”) Once diagnosed the treatment has to happen …show more content…
as soon as possible.
If polyarteritis nodosa is left untreated it can be fatal to the patient, but when treated after diagnosis the disease is manageable.
When diagnosed there is three different severities of the disease, mild and severe and patients with polyarteritis nodosa and hepatitis B or C. Each severity of the disease needs different treatment to manage the disease. Since there is no cure for Polyarteritis Nodosa the treatment only manages the disease and puts the patient in remission. Once the patient is in remission, the patient will be monitored for new symptoms and making sure polyarteritis nodosa stays in remission. When a patient is diagnosed with mild polyarteritis nodosa, Doctors will prescribed the patients with a medicine called prednisone (Polyarteritis Nodosa-Harvard). Prednisone is a steroid that reduces the inflammation in the arteries. When on prednisone patient will need to have blood work to monitor levels. (“Prednisone Uses, Dosage, side effects, warnings-Drugs.com”). When a patient has severe symptoms of polyarteritis nodosa involving heart, kidney
and nerves, patients will be prescribed a combination of medicines to reduce inflammation and an immunosuppressant. The typical immunosuppressant drug they use is Cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide is prescribed at a lower dose then people who use it for treatment of cancer. ("Polyarteritis Nodosa.") Cyclophosphamide suppresses the immune system that also helps decrease inflammation in the arteries, but when on the drug they need have blood work, since the drug lowers the body immunity patients can become at risk for infections. (Polyarteritis Nodosa- Cancer Care). When polyarteritis nodosa is related to hepatitis B, patients will be prescribed an antiviral medication that fights off the hepatitis B infection and prednisone to fight off inflammation. Other treatments for polyarteritis nodosa hepatitis B related is plasmapheresis. Treatment for polyarteritis nodosa usually is a yearlong process. (Academic Onefile-Polyarteritis Nodosa) After being diagnosed and treated the prognosis of polyarteritis nodosa is good. Follow up with your Doctor or a Doctor who has the knowledge of polyarteritis nodosa. When treated properly 80% of patients with polyarteritis nodosa will survive 5 years or more after diagnosis. Only 10% of patients without treatment survive after being diagnosed. Some patients have issues after treatment such as heart attacks, kidney failure and nerve damage due to the damage from inflammation, (Academic Onefile-Polyarteritis Nodosa) Patients with polyarteritis nodosa should be monitored closely for evidence of relapse or symptoms indicating new organ involvement. ("Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)") There is no prevention for polyarteritis nodosa. Throughout the research studies show the best way to prevent polyarteritis nodosa is to prevent getting hepatitis B since it is linked to each other. Ways to prevent hepatitis B is to practice safe sex, don’t share needles and get vaccinated from hepatitis B. ("Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)")
These recurrent nodules and abscesses not only cause pain, but self-consciousness, social isolation and even depression. Other less common complications include severe infections, restricted movement caused by a buildup of fibrosis and a type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma.
There are two types of glomerulonephritis—acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The ACF form generally develops suddenly as a result of an infection or illness, such as, group A streptococci bacteria, hepatitis, or in diseases such as lupus or HIV (Mathias, 2013). This type may require dialysis to replace renal function while it lasts, however, kidney function usually returns after the primary illness is treated. Many acute patients will not have any other complications as no permanent damage is done. Whereas CKD is found in a person that has had glomerulonephritis for months to years in some cases and may be asymptomatic until the kidney has become irreversibly damaged. ARF can evolve to become chronic if the glomeruli do not respond to
Joints consist of the ankles, knees, elbows or wrists; less often the shoulders, hips, hands and feet. And ,according to (2014) Incidental Histological Diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Myocarditis: Case Report and Review of the Literature, in a case study of a 45-year-old female diagnosed with chronic rheumatic valve disease was reported to have 3-year history of suffering from progressive exertional dyspnea and chest pain. Her blood pressure was reported to be 140 over 80 mmHg and a regular heart rate of 80 bpm. She showed signs of pulmonary congestion she an atrial
P…* FIV tested +; *hospitalization for observation; *200 ml Normasol fluids SQ then *iv fluids @150ml/hr, 3 ml vit B complex added; urinalysis to be performed in a.m. after completion of fluid therapy.
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) is a generalized term referring to a spectrum of vascular disorders that alter the structure or function on any non-coronary artery. Atherosclerosis is the most common vascular disorder affecting the peripheral arteries (Ali & Carman, 2012). Atherosclerosis, commonly known as hardening of the arteries, is a general vascular disorder that can be located in any blood vessels throughout the body. It causes a reduction of blood flow and loss of function. Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is a blood vessel disease resulting from atherosclerosis. PAD focuses on how that reduced blood flow affects the lower extremities. PAD affects approximately 8.5 million adults 40 and older in the United States (Kohlman-Trigoboff, 2013).
Fortunately, the most severe complications of the Mono virus are quite rare. Mono is rarely fatal in healthy people. The rare severe complications can include destruction of red blood cells, inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart, inflammation of the heart muscle, and an inflammation of the brain. Mono tends to be more aggressive in people with AIDS or those who take medications to suppress the functions of the immune system.
Peripheral artery disease is usually caused by atherosclerosis, which is when fatty deposits accumulate in the arteries of, most likely, limbs. This does affect all arteries throughout the body, then in turn, slowing the blood flow. PAD may also be due to inflammation of the blood vessels, injury to the extremities, or even exposure to radiation. “Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects approximately 10% of the American population” (Gurbir Dhaliwal; Peripheral arterial disease: Epidemiology, natural history, diagnosis and treatment; 2007). If not taken care of, PAD may lead to critical limb ischemia, open sores on the feet or legs that become infected by gangrene. The gangrene is then removed surgically, but doctors might have to amputate the extremity all together. Another issue that arises with PAD if it is not under control is the risk of stroke or heart attack. These can cause death to part of the heart or brain, or even death itself. The population more at risk would be smokers, diabetics, people who are obese, those with hypertension or hyperlipidemia, over the age of 50, have a family history of PAD, or those with a high level of homocysteine. If someone does fall into a few of these categories a physician can do a few tests to check for PAD. The doctor will more than likely start off with a physical exam, blood test, and possibly an ultrasound. From there the physician may try an ankle-brachial index, or ABI, which compares the blood pressure of the feet to the blood pressure of the arm. “An American survey of 2174 patients older than 40 years of age used the ankle-brachial index (ABI) as a screening tool, and showed a PAD prevalence of 0.9% between the ages of 40 and 49 years, 2.5% between the ages of 50 and 59 years, ...
Glen Carver is a 56 year old male who was admitted unto the cardiovascular care unit 48 hours ago with the diagnosis of heart failure. Mr. Carver went to see his primary care provider with complaints of dyspnea on exertion, a nonproduction cough, decreased activity intolerance, and general fatigue all of which have been worsening over the past two months. The primary care provider found Mr. Carver to have lower extremity swelling, profound ...
”Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy.” Baylor Health Care System, 28 Apr. 2012. Web. 10 May 2013.. 06 May 2013.
In order to learn about Kawasaki disease we must look at its history. Kawasaki disease was simultaneously discovered around the world between 1960 and 1970. Kawasaki disease also known as Kawasaki Syndrome or Mucocutaneous lymph node Syndrome was discovered by Japanese pediatrician Tamisaku Kawasaki; hence the name Kawasaki Disease.However, KD was independently recognized as a distinct condition in the early 1970’s by pediatricians Marian Melish and Raquel Hicks at the University of Hawaii. Dr. Tamisaku Kawasaki saw his first case in the early 1960’s; subsequently, he published his first findings in Japanese in 1967 then, in 1974 he published the English version. Though it wasn’t recognized as an aggressive syndrome, it was associated with serious complications of the coronary arteries. Nevertheless,extensive research into understanding the outcome based on publications on the origin, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and treatment.
Multiple sclerosis, also known as MS, is one of the humankind’s most mysterious diseases. Multiple sclerosis has the ability to affect nearly 3 million people worldwide. This disease tends to be more common in individuals of northern European descent and women are more than twice as likely to develop multiple sclerosis as men are. Of those 3 million people, most of them are between the ages of 20 and 50 years old. Even though multiple sclerosis is a mystery disease, scientists are working to determine the exact cause and treatment.
This inflammation causes severe pain with movement of the joint, often limiting the movement of the affected area. Bursitis commonly strikes the shoulders, elbows, knees, pelvis, hips or Achilles tendons. Bursitis can affect nearly anyone for any number of reasons. It affects mainly adults, both male and female. The individuals most at risk are people who engage in excessive and improper stretching and people who are involved heavily in athletic training.
Bratton, R. L., Whiteside, J. W., Hovan, M. J., Engle, R. L., Edwards, F. D. (2008). Diagnosis
PAD occurs when atherosclerosis is found in arteries that perfuse the limbs, particularly the lower extremities. Atherosclerosis is thickening and hardening of the vessel wall caused by an accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages inside the arterial wall, which causes the formation of lesions or plaques. This process begins when the endothelial cells that line the artery walls are damaged. This lesion progresses from endothelial injury and dysfunction to fatty streaks to fibrotic plaques and ending in a complete lesions. Endothelial damage can be caused by a variety of factors including; smoking hypertension, diabetes, increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and autoimmunity. Atherosclerosis
Epiglottitis is an inflammation of the epiglottis — the flap at the base of the tongue that keeps food from going into the trachea . Due to its place in the airway, swelling of this structure can interfere with breathing, and constitutes a medical emergency. Infection can cause the epiglottis to obstruct or completely close off the windpipe.