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The english legal system and law reform
The english legal system and law reform
The english legal system and law reform
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All things considered, the fear of poisoning became more widespread throughout the Victorian era as the conversation and accusation in the press became more prevalent. Poisoning was understood as a cruel way of murder, coupled with female stigmatization, death by means of poison became central in challenging the Victorian way of life. Without proper regulation, these acts would continue, educing further anxiety as Victorian society did not know how to properly address the seemingly growing cases of poisoning.
Due of these reasons as mentioned above, desperate cries for legal attention began to concern itself with poison. By the mid 1840s there was widespread pressure from society for legal “intervention aimed at protecting people from themselves
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Commonly used throughout products, manufacturing, and medicine, the Victorians were no stranger to ingestion. But, this did not mean they were always keen or even conscious of the levels of poison. As poisoning trials became more commonplace, worry struck the society as fear gripped the nation that a more and more poisoning cases were just around the corner. As explored, poisoning became statistically more popular during the mid-nineteenth century but the stigmatization of it became even more hotly debated. Heavily stigmatized as excessively callous it was also branded as dangerous as women became the face of poisoning as a means to challenge the status quo. Due to this, legal reform was established in the latter half of the century with the Arsenic Act of 1851 and the Pharmaceutical Act of 1868. Both bills attempted to restrict and regulate the sale of poisons. Nevertheless, poisoning continued, as exemplified by the case of Christiana Edmunds in 1872. Looking at her case, her trial fit the image of an insensitive woman but did not fall in line with a motive spurred from female dissatisfaction in her relationship since she was unmarried, perplexing as to why she would even commit the murders. Even so, her case was sensational. As a result, poisoning both fascinated and startled the Victorian era. Used both to help and to harm, poison was a controversial substance that was subject to intense scrutiny as the fine line between its remedial and damaging properties were often
In the book Deadly by Julie Chibbaro there were many themes that were analyzed and illustrated throughout the book. There were only three that catches the eye love can be blind, death can hurt and oppression of women. These themes stood out the most because this book take place in somewhere in the 1900’s because in that era there were many disease taking place in New York. Such as the typhoid, Yellow fever, small pox and other contagious diseases that cause many deaths and also when the Germ theory was just a theory not a law. This book mainly talks about Prudence, Mr. Sopher, and Marm especially but there are others such as Dr. bakers, Jonathan this book talks about how typhoid was carried by an Irish Woman named Mary Mallon and the disease
Poisoning was a big problem in the 1920s of America. “The Poisoner's Handbook” tells a fascinating tale about the early men of toxicology, Charles Norris and Alexander Gettler, in criminal investigations and public health. Produced and directed by Rob Rapley, the film, "The Poisoner's Handbook," shows many poisoning stories together which tells a mix of mysterious and heartbreaking deaths. This is evident that humans will use accessible items, including everyday household products, to kill each other. The film integrates the birth of forensic science with the rise of big businesses and local politics. Many murderers roamed free until enough political will was assembled to implement a new medical examiner system in the 1920s.
The evidence between witnesses seeing Lizzie buy poison, washing a brown stained dress, her inconsistencies in the alibis, and her lacking of emotion all pointed to Lizzie Borden’s guilt. Jacob applied society’s outlook on an 1800’s American women as frail, feeble-minded, morally driven individuals who are incapable of a planned murder, to support her argument that Lizzie, no matter how guilty she may have been, would not be convicted of murder. Convicting Lizzie of murder meant opposing the established woman stereotypes which endangered the cohesive mindset of
Did you know that in the 1920s the American government poisoned alcoholic beverages to stop excessive use of it from the consumers? Of course, this happened during Prohibition which was the America government’s attempt to stop and illegalize the manufacture and marketing of beer. Surprisingly, Prohibition lasted from 1920 until 1933.Throughout the prohibition period, many famous and infamous leaders rose, such as Alphonse Capone, Carry Nation, and Adolphus Busch. Expectedly the use of alcohol during the 1920s caused strong and respectable men to become diverted dull and to be extremely abusive to their spouse and children; therefore causing it to be a necessity to be abolished in the eyes of the American government. “We Sang Rock of Ages”: Frances Willard’s Battles Alcohol in the late 19th century is a selection from an autobiography by Frances Willard in which it provided detailed report of her experience participating in a temperance movement. Frances Willard’s literary piece uplifts the idea of humane purity against foul and slow working toxins that are capable of corrupting the most innocent kind of men, and stresses the importance for men to not be pressured to follow the crowd. Frances Willard’s “We Sang Rock of Ages” essay indicated the temperance movement’s pursuit to heal social morals, abolish the excessive use of alcohol, and target slaves of alcohol to turn to God through prayer as well as song.
The medicinal practices and problems of the Elizabethan Era were very important to the people, although they are very different from those of today. There were many different beliefs and diseases, like the Plague. Medicine was not an exact science and was related to Alchemy (Chemistry). Here, some of the many practices and beliefs of the Elizabethan Era will be discussed.
Unregulated alcohol had a negative effect on public health. Prohibition did not improve hygiene in America as anticipated. Bootleggers made millions of gallons of “bathtub gin” and rotgut moonshine. The alcohol had a foul taste but people drank even with the risk of being poisoned or becoming blind. As trade in illegal alcohol increased, the quality of the alcohol decreased. The illegal alcohol often contained fuels and medical supplies. As a result the government had to add more toxic chemicals to industrial alcohol to make it undrinkable, putting people who drank it in even more danger. On average 1,000 Americans died every year during the Prohibition from the effects of drinking tainted liquor. An estimated total of over 10,000 people died during the prohibition era from directly alcohol or related causes. Although it was unknown at the time moderate drinking can be beneficial to one's health, because alcohol was made illegal americans were unable to receive the benefits. Concluding
More than three centuries ago, an entire community in Salem, Massachusetts, just 5 miles from Salem Town fell victim to what would become the most notorious instance of witch hysteria in United States history. The infamous witch trials of Salem, Massachusetts remain one of the most unscrupulous and inexplicable phenomena in the United States, having resulted in a total of 20 deaths and 165 accusations related to Witchcraft within the span of four months. [3] The brief, but tumultuous period has long been a source of debate amongst historians. For nearly a century, it was widely accepted that social tensions and Puritan religious beliefs were the primary cause of the trials, but in the 1970’s, a college undergraduate suggested ergot poisoning might be to blame. Ergotism – ergot poisoning – is born from the fungus Claviceps purpurea, which is known to infect rye and other cereal grains, it produces a chemical known as ergotamine which is the base for toxic hallucinogenic chemicals such as LSD. [2] Studies have shown that the consumption of ergot-contaminated food results in symptoms much like those associated with the afflicted girls in Salem, 1692. [2] Collectively, Ergot poisoning, and the implication Puritanism and Puritan values had on the genuine fear of witches, and socioeconomic tension caused the events that would become the Salem witch hysteria of 1692.
The momentum generated by the passage of the Meat Inspection Act helped secure the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act, which had been stalled in Congress since 1905. With these two pieces of legislation, the federal government took important steps to assure the public that the food they were eating met minimu...
If one was to look at colonial America with no knowledge of the future, the thought of millions of people promoting alcohol regulation and abstinence would be unimaginable. As hard as it is to assign general characteristics to colonial America, it is clearly evident that alcoholic beverages were extensive in consumption, to the point where they were among the main forms of liquid nourishment. It was so extensive that "Estimates for 1790, at the end of the colonial period, place per capita consumption of absolute alcohol (the alcohol content of alcoholic beverages) at three gallons, about one and a half times the amount of per capita consumption in the United States today. Despite staggering consumption rate, the relatively high level of per capita consumption failed to produce widespread concern about drinking.
becomes trapped due to the poison in her cup—and the poison in her sham of a
Whorton James, review of Pure Food: Securing the Pure Food and Drug Acts of 1906, by
Prohibition was positive because it helped to reduce alcohol-related consequences. The amendment was influential in reducing deaths and illnesses caused by the consumption of alcohol. Between 1915 and 1925 the death rate from cirrhosis, a chronic liver disease caused by alcoholism, declined by almost fifty percent (Dills and Miron). Additionally, Prohibition caused death rates from alcoholism to fall by eighty percent from pre-war levels by 1921 (McNeil and Mintz). This decrease in deaths and illnesses was important because it meant that the negative effects that alcohol had on the health of the country were diminishing because of Prohibition. Despite this positive impact, the lack of regulation on alcohol increased the amount of poisonous industrial alcohol that was distributed resulting in over fifty-thousand deaths by 1927 as well as hundreds of thousands of paralysis cases (Lieurance 65). Even though Prohibition was helping to reduce deaths and illness, it was also...
In the 1600's and 1700's, the American colonists drank large quantities of beer, rum, wine, and hard cider. These alcoholic beverages were often safer to drink than impure water or unpasteurized milk and also less expensive than coffee or tea. By the 1820's, people in the United States were drinking, on the average, the equivalent of 7 gallons of pure alcohol per person each year (“drinkingprohibition” 1). As early as the seventeenth century, America was showing interest towards prohibition. Some people, including physicians and ministers, became concerned about the extent of alcohol use (“There was one...” 1). They believed that drinking alcohol damaged people's health and moral behavior, and promoted poverty. People concerned about alcohol use u...
In the same way someone today might take advil for a headache, the Victorians would drink laudanum: “[Opium] was used, or recommended, at one time or another, to treat every disease or condition imaginable … Society in general had no particular fears about their use.” Until the 1860s, opium was bought and sold with no restrictions, like any other good. Post-1868, only licensed apothecaries or pharmacies could fill prescriptions, but it was not until 1916 that the “Defense of the Realm Act” began to outlaw the overall sale of narcotics. Victorians were not, however, totally blind when it came to the effects of these drugs. Opium Dens, which became popular towards the end of the century, were held in disgust and deep abhorrence by the public.
Indeed, one is tempted to see the biological poison as a symbol for moral corruption. The lack of honesty and of moral responsibility decomposes the community itself” (Roshwald). Although the people were once for the decontamination of municipal bath, they had begun to question their choices once the mayor had planted the seed of doubt within them. Either the public baths could be corrected, or they would have to be pushed under harsh taxes and the possibility of mass